Коммерциялық емес акционерлік қоғам

АЛМАТЫ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА ЖӘНЕ БАЙЛАНЫС УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ

«Шетіл тілдері» кафедрасы

 

 

АҒЫЛШЫН ТІЛІ

Техникалық мәтіндерді аудару дағдысын дамытатын әдістемелік нұсқаулар

(5В071600 мамандық студенттеріне  арналған)

 

 

Алматы 2012 

Құрастырушы: Қ.Е. Молдабаева. Ағылшын тілі. Техникалық мәтіндерді аудару дағдысын дамытатын әдістемелік нұсқаулар (5В071600- Аспап жасау) -Алматы, АЭжБУ,-32 бет. 

 

          Берілген әдістемелік нұсқау Аспап жасау мамандығының  студенттеріне  арналған. Әдістемелік нұсқауда мамандандырылған мәтіндерді аудару дағдысын дамытатын жаттығулар берілген. Әдістемелік нұсқаудың мақсаты  студенттердің  лексикалық сөз қорын молайту, техникалық мәтіндерді аудару жолдарын көрсету болып табылыады. 

 

Рецензент: техн. ғыл. канд.,доценті Сябина Н.В 

 

 «Алматы энергетика және байланыс университетінің» коммерциялық емес акционерлік қоғамының 2012 жылға арналған шығарылым жоспары бойынша басылып отыр. 

 

      © «Алматы энергетика және байланыс университетінің»КЕАҚ ,2012ж.

  

                                                                          

Unit 1.  Instrumentation

 

   1.1 Read and memorize new words

 

Instrumentation- құрал-жабдық жасау

Measurement - өлшем

Manufacturing- даярлау, жасап шығару

Quantity-заттың мөлшері, саны

Valve- клапан

Transmitter- тасымалдағыш

Refiner- затты тазалауға арналған құрылым

Handheld device - көтермелі қондырғы

Solenoid - соленоид

Circuit breaker- тоқтан ажыратқыш

Relay- жеткізу, тасымалдау

Frequency- жиілік

Loop - спираль,цикл

Design and configuration of automated systems- автоматтандырылған жүйенің дизайны мен конфигурациясы

Pneumatic domains- пневматикалық аймақ

Troubleshooting- ақауларды табу,жою

Repair- жөндеуден өткізу

Maintenance of instruments- қондырғы жасау

Pipefitter- құбырды монтаждайтын слесарь, құбыр өткізгіш

 

         1.2 Read and translate physical values that Instrumentation is used to measure and other mechanical properties of materials

 

        Pressure, either differential or static, flow, temperature, levels of liquids, density,viscosity, properties of ionising radiation, current, voltage,inductance, capacitance, resistivity, chemical composition, chemical properties, properties of light vibration, weight.

 

    1.3 Read the text and translate it

 

         Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production, or manufacturing area.

An instrument is a device that measures or regulates physical quantity process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles.

        The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes.

        Output instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, valves, regulators, circuit breakers, and relays. These devices control a desired output variable, and provide either remote or automated control capabilities. These are often referred to as final control elements when controlled remotely or by a control system.

Transmitters are devices that produce an output signal, often in the form of a 4–20 m.  An electrical current signal, although many other options using voltage, frequency, pressure, or Ethernet are possible.

        Control Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.

 

    1.4 Answer the question to the text

 

What fields of science does Instrumentation study?

What is an instrumentation?

What is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation?

What does output instrumentation include?

Where control instrumentation can be used?

 

   1.5 Find out the definitions of the word

 

Pressure

Relay

Valve

Solenoid

Measurement

A system of measuring or measures

 

   An electric conductor wound as a helix with small pitch, or as two or more coaxial helices, so that current through the conductor establishes a magnetic field within the conductor.

       Any device for halting or controlling the flow of a liquid, gas, or other material through a passage, pipe, inlet, outlet, etc.

        A device, usually consisting of an electromagnet and an armature, by which a change of current or voltage in one circuit is used to make or break a connection in another circuit or to affect the operation of other devices in the same or another circuit.

       The state of being pressed or compressed.

  

   1.6 Match the halves of sentences

 

An instrument____

A smoke detector____

Transmitters____

Output instrumentation includes____

The control of processes_____

 

devices such as solenoids, valves, regulators, circuit breakers, and relays.

is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation.

are devices that produce an output signal.

a device that measures or regulates physical quantity process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure.

is a common instrument found in most western homes.

 

  1.7 Fulfill the words in the brackets and read the short text about Instrumentation engineering.  Retell it

 

    Focused, systems, plants, industries, measuring, power engineers, situations, microcontrollers, parameters.

 

   Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization ____on the principle and operation of ____instruments that are used in design and configuration of automated ____in electrical, pneumatic domains etc.

They typically work for ___with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing___, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization, and stability.

   To control the ___in a process or in a particular system, devices such as microprocessors, ___or PLCs are used, but their ultimate aim is to control the parameters of a system.

Instrumentation technologists, technicians and mechanics specialize in troubleshooting and repairing and maintenance of instruments and instrumentation systems.

         This trade is so intertwined with electricians, pipefitters, ___, and engineering companies, that one can find him in extremely diverse working___.

 

            Unit 2. History of Instrumentation

 

         2.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

An indicator- көрсеткіш

To adjust – қалыпқа келтіру

To be mounted - жасалған, қондырылған

A screen- экран

Pneumatic controllers - пневматикалық бақылаушылар

To monitor the process - іс-әрекетті қадағалау

Outputs signals - шығу сигналдары

Increase in accuracy - дәлдіктьің өсуі

Air signal- ауа сигналы

A control board -бақылау тақтасы

Desired temperatures, pressures - жеткілікті мөлшердегі ауа, қысым

 

          2.2 Read the text about History of Instrumentation and translate it

 

     In the early years of process control, process indicators and control elements such as valves were monitored by an operator that walked around the unit adjusting the valves to obtain the desired temperatures, pressures, and flows. As technology evolved pneumatic controllers were invented and mounted in the field that monitored the process and controlled the valves. This reduced the amount of time process operators were needed to monitor the process.

          Later years the actual controllers were moved to a central room and signals were sent into the control room to monitor the process and outputs signals were sent to the final control element such as a valve to adjust the process as needed. These controllers and indicators were mounted on a wall called a control board.

          The operators stood in front of this board walking back and forth monitoring the process indicators. This again reduced the number and amount of time process operators were needed to walk around the units. The basic air signal used during these years was 3-15 psig.

          In the 1970s electronic instrumentation began to be manufactured by the instrument companies. Each instrument company came out with their own standard signal for their instrumentation, 10-50ma, 0.25-1.25Volts, 0-10Volts, 1-5volts, and 4-20ma, causing only confusion until the 4-20ma was universally used as a standard electronic instrument signal for transmitters and valves.

          The transformation of instrumentation from mechanical pneumatic transmitters, controllers, and valves to electronic instruments reduced maintenance costs as electronic instruments were more dependable than mechanical instruments. This also increased efficiency and production due to their increase in accuracy.

          The next evolution of instrumentation came with the production of Distributed Control Systems (DCS). The pneumatic and electronic control rooms allowed control from a centralized room, DCS systems allowed control from more than one room or control stations. These stations could be next to each other or miles away. Now a process operator could sit in front of a screen and monitor thousands of points throughout a large unit or complex.

 

          2.3 Answer the questions

 

How were the process indicators and control elements such as valves n the early years of process control monitored by?
Why did operators need to monitor the process?

What is a control board?

When did electronic instrumentation begin to be manufactured by the instrument companies?

What do the pneumatic and electronic control rooms be allowed to the operators?

 

         2.4 Find out the definitions of the word

 

  Transmitter

       Indicator

       To monitor

       Adjust

        Unit

 

   To put in good working order; regulate; bring to a proper state or position.

        One of the individuals or groups that together constitute a whole; one of the parts or elements into which a whole may be divided or analyzed.

        A pointing or directing device, as a pointer on the dial of an instrument to show pressure, temperature, speed, volume, or the like.

        A device that converts sound, light, or electrical signals into radio, microwave, or other electrical signals of sufficient strength for the purpose of telecommunication.

        To oversee, supervise, or regulate.

 

         2.5 Match the halves of sentences

 

Control elements

Signals were sent

Operator could

The next evolution of instrumentation came

These controllers and indicators were mounted

 

on a wall called a control board.

 with the production of Distributed Control Systems

into the control room to monitor the process

monitor thousands of points throughout a large unit or complex.

such as valves were monitored by an operator

 

        2.6 Complete the brackets and read the short text about Liquid capacitive inclinometers.  Retell it

 

        Capacitive technology, conductor plate, cavity forming, a change, to understand, perpendicular, of the capacitor, converted, etched plate.

 

        Liquid capacitive inclinometers are Inclinometers (or Clinometers) whose sensing elements are made with liquid___; they are considered gravity based. The best way ___how they work is to think of a disc-like cavity that is half filled with a dielectric liquid. One of the sides of the cavity has an etched ___that is used to form one of the conductors of a variable parallel plate capacitor.

          The liquid along with the other side of the cavity forms the other plate___. In operation, the sensor is mounted so that the disc is positioned ___ to the ground (vertically mounted). Gravity then acts on the liquid pulling it down in the ___a semicircle.

           As the sensor is rotated the liquid remains in this semicircular pattern covering a different area of the ___.This change in area results in ___in the capacitance. The change in capacitance is then electronically ___into an output signal that is linear with respect to the input angle.

 

            Unit 3. Metrology

 

        3.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

Nuclear power - ядролық энергия

Semiconductor- жартылайөткізгіш

To limit litigation effects - ауырлық салдарын азайту

The calibration work – калибровка жұмысы

Humidity- дымқыл болу

Electrical power supply- электр тоғымен қамтамасыз ету

Execute -орындау

To validate the data -бекітілген ақпарат

Enforcement -күштеу

Verification- тексеру, бақылау

Traceability- бақылауға жарамдылық

 

         3.2 Metrology is a very broad field and may be divided into three subfields. Read them and memorize the three subfields of Metrology

 

         Scientific or fundamental metrology- concerns the establishment of quantity systems, unit systems, and units of measurement, the development of new measurement methods, realisation of measurement standards and the transfer of traceability from these standards to users in society.

        Applied or industrial metrology- concerns the application of measurement science to manufacturing and other processes and their use in society, ensuring the suitability of measurement instruments, their calibration and quality control of measurements.

        Legal metrology- concerns regulatory requirements of measurements and measuring instruments for the protection of health, public safety, the environment, enabling taxation, protection of consumers and fair trade.

 

  

    3.3 Read the sentences and memorize the standards of Metrology

 

1. Accuracy is the degree of exactness which the final product corresponds to the measurement standard.

2. Precision refers to the ability of a measurement to be consistently reproduced.

3. Reliability refers to the consistency of accurate results over consecutive measurements over time.

4. Traceability refers to the ongoing validations that the measurement of the final product conforms to the original standard of measurement.

 

          3.4 Read the text about Metrology and translate it

 

         Metrology is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement. The word comes from Greek "measure" amongst others meaning "speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason». In Ancient Greek the term μετρολογία (metrologia) meant "theory of ratios".

         Metrology has thrived at the interface between science and manufacturing. Aerospace, commercial nuclear power, medicine, medical devices and semiconductors rely on metrology to translate theoretical science into mass produced reality.

        The basic concepts of metrology appear simple on the surface, and metrology is rarely taught in a systematic manner above the technician level. Within most businesses, metrology core beliefs such as recording all setups and observations for possible future reference are opposed to the general business practice of minimizing recordkeeping to limit litigation effects.

        Metrology laboratories are places where both metrology and calibration work are performed. Calibration laboratories generally specialize in calibration work only. Both metrology and calibration laboratories must isolate the work performed from influences that might affect the work. Temperature, humidity, vibration, electrical power supply, radiated energy and other influences are often controlled. Generally, it is the rate of change or instability that is more detrimental than whatever value prevails.

        Calibration technicians execute calibration work. In large organizations, the work is further divided into three groups:

Set-up people- arrange the equipment needed for calibration and verify that it works correctly.

       Operators - execute the calibration procedures and collect data.

Tear-down people dismantle set-ups, check the components for damage and then put the components into a stored state. This is the entry-level position for people who didn’t start in the equipment warehouse or transportation functions

 

  

         3.5 Answer the questions

 

What kind of science is Metrology?

What aspects does Metrology include?

Where does the word Metrology come from?

What does this word mean?

Who are Set-up people?

What are the obligations of Operators?

What do Tear-down people do?

 

        3.6 Find out the definitions of the word

 

  Semiconductors

       Equipment

       Calibrate

      Traceability

      Accuracy

 

       Anything kept, furnished, or provided for a specific purpose.

      A substance, as silicon or germanium, with electrical conductivity intermediate between that of an insulator and a conductor, a basic component of various kinds of electronic circuit element.

      The condition or quality of being true, correct, or exact; freedom from error or defect; precision or exactness; correctness.

      To divide or mark with gradations, graduations, or other indexes of degree, quantity, etc, as on a thermometer, measuring cup, or the like.

      Derivative, capable of being traced.

 

        3.7 Match the halves of sentences

 

Metrology is

Operators –

Tear-down people

Set-up people

Calibration technicians

 

execute calibration work.

arrange the equipment needed for calibration

dismantle set-ups, check the components for damage

execute the calibration procedures and collect data.

the science of measurement

 

  

3.8 Complete the brackets and read the short text about Metrology.  Retell it

 

Measurement (2), consistently, corresponds, standards, refers.

 

Theoretically, metrology, as the science of___, attempts to validate the data obtained from test equipment. Though metrology is the science of measurement, in practical applications, it is the enforcement, verification and validation of predefined ___ for:

Accuracy is the degree of exactness which the final product ___to the measurement standard.

Precision refers to the ability of a measurement to be ___reproduced.

Reliability refers to the consistency of accurate results over consecutive measurements over time.

Traceability ___to the ongoing validations that the measurement of the final product conforms to the original standard of____.

 

              Unit 4. Accuracy and precision

 

4.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

Reproducibility- қайта өңдеу, шығару

Unchanged conditions - өзгермейтін жағдай

Colloquial use алқалық қолданылым

deliberate- қарастыру, асықпау,

designate- анықтау,белгілеу, атау

bias- әсер ету, көлбеу, магниттау

the target center  бастапқы аймақ

 

4.2 Find out the synonyms of the words from the text below

 

Choose, accuracy, actual, repeatability, bias, error, level, permanent, conversational.

 

4.3 Read the text about Accuracy and precision and translate it

 

In the fields of science, engineering, industry and statistics, the accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity's actual (true) value. The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results Although the two words reproducibility and repeatability can be synonymous in colloquial use, they are deliberately contrasted in the context of the scientific method.

Accuracy indicates proximity of measurement results to the true value, precision to the repeatability or reproducibility of the measurement.

A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a systematic error, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The end result would be a consistent yet inaccurate string of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.

A measurement system is designated valid if it is both accurate and precise. Related terms include bias (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and error (random variability).

The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained

 by a computational procedure from observed data.

In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement.

Accuracy is the degree of veracity while in some contexts precision may mean the degree of reproducibility

The analogy used here to explain the difference between accuracy and precision is the target comparison. In this analogy, repeated measurements are compared to arrows that are shot at a target. Accuracy describes the closeness of arrows to the bull’s eye at the target center. Arrows that strike closer to the bull’s eye are considered more accurate. The closer a system's measurements to the accepted value, the more accurate the system is considered to be.

 

4.4 Answer the questions

 

What is a precision?

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

Why can’t be the measurement system both accurate and precision?

What is the degree of veracity?
What is
the degree of reproducibility?

 

4.5 Find out the definitions of the word

 

Target

Veracity

Bulls eye

Ballistics

Designate

 

        To mark or point out; indicate; show; specify.

        Correctness or accuracy, as of the senses or of a scientific instrument

        The circular spot usually black or outlined in black, at the centre of a target marked with concentric circles and used in target practice.

        The science or study of the motion of projectiles, as bullets, shells, or bombs.

       An object, usually marked with concentric circles, to be aimed at in shooting practice or contests.

 

4.6 Match the halves of sentences

 

The precision of a measurement system,

Accuracy indicates

A measurement system is

Measurements may also have

Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy

 

but does not change precision.

a measurement resolution.

designated valid.

proximity of measurement results.

also called reproducibility or repeatability.

 

4.7 Complete the brackets and read the short text about precision.  Retell it

Close, the size of the arrow cluster, together, however, without, cannot, measurements.

To continue the analogy, if a large number of arrows are shot, precision would be____. When all arrows are grouped tightly___, the cluster is considered precise since they all struck___ to the same spot, even if not necessarily near the bull’s eye. The___ are precise, though not necessarily accurate.

___, it is not possible to reliably achieve accuracy in individual measurements ___precision if the arrows are not grouped close to one another, they ___all be close to the bull’s eye.

 

4.8 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

Acceleration- үдеу

Frame of reference- көзқарастар жүйесі

Dimension- мөлшер

Practical limitations- практикалық шектеулер

Single- and multi-axis models of accelerometer- үдеудің дербес және көп бұрышты моделі

To be able to detect- анықтауға қабілетті болу

To measure vehicle acceleration- көлік үдеткішін өлшеу

The braking systems- тежегіш жүйелері

The engine drive train- қозғалтқышпен жүретін поезд

The bearings of rotating equipment – айланбалы қондырғының қатынасы

pump- насос

To  improve safety in plants- заводтардағы сақтандыру шараларын жақсарту

 

              Unit 5. An accelerometer

 

5.1 Find out the synonyms of the words from the text below

 

Speed, installation, characteristic, transformation, stimulation, relaxation, proportion.

 

5.2 Read the text about an accelerometer and translate it

 

An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration, also called the four-acceleration. For example, an accelerometer on a rocket accelerating through space will measure the rate of change of the velocity of the rocket relative to any inertial frame of reference.

However, the proper acceleration measured by an accelerometer is not necessarily the coordinate acceleration (rate of change of velocity). Instead, it is the acceleration associated with the phenomenon of weight experienced by any test mass at rest in the frame of reference of the accelerometer device.

For an example where these types of acceleration differ, an accelerometer will measure a value of g in the upward direction when remaining stationary on the ground, because masses on earth have weight m*g. By contrast, an accelerometer in gravitational free fall toward the center of the Earth will measure a value of zero because, even though its speed is increasing, it is at rest in a frame of reference in which objects are weightless.

An accelerometer thus measures weight per unit of (test) mass, a quantity of with dimensions of acceleration that is sometimes known as specific force, or g-force (although it is not a force). Another way of stating this is that by measuring weight, an accelerometer measures the acceleration of the free-fall reference frame (inertial reference frame) relative to itself (the accelerometer).

This measurable acceleration is not the ordinary acceleration of Newton (in three dimensions), but rather four-acceleration, which is acceleration away from a geodesic path in four-dimensional space-time.

Most accelerometers do not display the value they measure, but supply it to other devices. Real accelerometers also have practical limitations in how quickly they respond to changes in acceleration, and cannot respond to changes above a certain frequency of change.

 

5.3 Answer the questions

 

What device is an accelerometer?

Describe the operation of accelerometer.

Do they display the value they measure?

Do they have practical limitations?

 

 

 

5.4 Find out the definitions of the words

 

Accelerometer-

Display-

Gravitation-

Stationary-

Dimension-

A property of space; extension in a given direction.

To show or exhibit; make visible.

An instrument for measuring acceleration, esp. of an aircraft or rocket.

Standing still; not moving.

The force of attraction between any two masses.

 

5.5 Match the halves of sentences

 

An accelerometer is___

Another way of stating this____

Most accelerometers do not display the value they measure,___

However, the proper acceleration measured by an accelerometer____

An accelerometer in gravitational free fall toward the center of the Earth____

 

will measure a value of zero.

is not necessarily the coordinate acceleration.

but supply it to other devices.

is that by measuring.

a device that measures proper acceleration, also called the four-acceleration.

 

5.6 Complete the brackets and read the short text about accelerometer.  Retell it

 

Can be used, to detect, be able to, provide, gravity gradiometers, devices, associated, a region.

Single- and multi-axis models of accelerometer are available___ magnitude and direction of the proper acceleration as a vector quantity, and ___to sense orientation (because direction of weight changes), coordinate, vibration, shock, and falling. Micro machined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic ___and video game controllers, to detect the position of the device or ___for game input.

Pairs of accelerometers extended over ___of space can be used to detect differences (gradients) in the proper accelerations of frames of references ___with those points. These devices are called____, as they measure gradients in the gravitational field. Such pairs of accelerometers in theory may also ____detect gravitational waves.

 

        

Unit 6. A gravimeter

 

6.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

The local gravitational field- жергілікті тартылыс алаңы

To be much more sensitive – сезімтал болу

Temporal resolution – уақытша шешеім

Petroleum and mineral prospecting- мұнай және минерал көздерін іздеу

To cause oscillatory – толқын тудыру

Integral vibration isolation- интегралды вибрацияны залалдандыру

Signal processing- дыбыс, белгі шығару

By suspending a liquid helium- сұйық гелийден бас тарту

 

6.2 Find out the synonyms of the words from the text below

 

Area, kind, unchanging, change, necessary, invent, little, impressionable, produce, extracting, adjust.

 

6.3 Read the text about a gravimeter and translate it

 

A gravimeter or gravitometer is an instrument used in gravimetry for measuring the local gravitational field of the Earth. A gravimeter is a type of accelerometer, specialized for measuring the constant downward acceleration of gravity, which varies by about 0.5% over the surface of the Earth. Though the essential principle of design is the same as in other accelerometers, gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive in order to measure very tiny fractional changes within the Earth's gravity of 1, caused by nearby geologic structures or the shape of the Earth and by temporal tidal variations.

This sensitivity means that gravimeters are susceptible to extraneous vibrations including noise that tend to cause oscillatory accelerations. In practice this is counteracted by integral vibration isolation and signal processing. The constraints on temporal resolution are usually less for gravimeters, so that resolution can be increased by processing the output with a longer "time constant".

 Gravimeters display their measurements in units of gals, instead of ordinary units of acceleration. Gravimeters are used for petroleum and mineral prospecting, seismology, geodesy, geophysical surveys and other geophysical research, and for metrology.

There are two types of gravimeters: relative and absolute. Absolute gravimeters measure the local gravity in absolute units, gals. Relative gravimeters compare the value of gravity at one point with another. They must be calibrated at a location where the gravity is known accurately, and then transported to the location where the gravity is to be measured. They measure the ratio of the gravity at the two points.

 

 

6.4 Answer the questions

 

What kind of instrument is a gravitometer?

What is the difference between gravitometer and accelerometer?

What does the sensitivity of gravitometers mean?

How many types of gravitometers are existed?

 

6.5 Find out the definitions of the words

 

Gravimeter

Geodesy

Relative

Niobium

Seismology

The geologic science of the size and shape of the earth.

An instrument used to measure variations in a gravitational field.

The branch of geology concerned with the study of earthquakes and seismic waves.

A ductile white superconductive metallic element that occurs principally in columbite and tantalite: used in steel alloys.

Connected or related.

 

6.6 Match the halves of sentences

 

       A gravimeter or gravitometer is____

       Gravimeters display their measurements in units of gals,____

      A gravimeter is a type of accelerometer,____

      They must be calibrated at a location____

      Gravimeters are used____

      for petroleum and mineral prospecting, seismology, geodesy, geophysical surveys and other geophysical research, and for metrology.

     where the gravity is known accurately.

      specialized for measuring the constant downward acceleration of gravity.

      an instrument used in gravimetry for measuring the local gravitational field of the Earth.

      instead of ordinary units of acceleration.

 

6.7 Complete the brackets and read the short text about Relative gravimeters.Retell it

 

Common, the figure of the geoids, surface gravity, magnetic field, a weight on a spring, calibrated, the gradual increase, superconducting, to the strength,

Most ___relative gravimeters are spring-based. They are used in gravity surveys over large areas for establishing ____over those areas.

A spring-based relative gravimeter is basically_____, and by measuring the amount by which the weight stretches the spring, local gravity can be measured. However, the strength of the spring must be ___by placing the instrument in a location with a known gravitational acceleration.

The most accurate relative gravimeters are____ gravimeters, which operate by

suspending liquid helium cooled diamagnetic superconducting niobium sphere in an extremely stable___; the current required to generate the magnetic field that suspends the niobium sphere is proportional ___of the Earth's gravitational field.

The superconducting gravimeter achieves sensitivities of one nanogal, one thousandth of one billionth (10-12) of the Earth___. In a demonstration of the sensitivity of the superconducting gravimeter, Virtanen (2006), describes how an instrument at Metsähovi, Finland, detected ___in surface gravity as workmen cleared snow from its laboratory roof.

 

              Unit 7. An inclinometer

 

7.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

A single two-pole coaxial connector- екі ұшты коаксальды дербес өткізгіші 

Power input and signal output- энергияны тасымалдау және сигналды шығару

Robustness- тұрақтылық, сенімділік

A transverse field- көлденең аймақ

The flexible beam- икемді сәуле

The blanking surface - өшіру қабаты

A restoring force- сақтаулы тұрған күш

The angles of slope-көлбеу бұрыштары

Elevation or inclination of an object- объектің жоғарлауы немесе еңкеюі

To alert equipment operator- қондырғы операторын іске қосуға даярлау

An embankment – плотина салу

Measuring the depth and rate of landslide movement тасқынның тереңдігімен жылдамдығын өлшеу

Civil engineering projects- жергілікті энергетиканың проектлері

 

7.2 Read the sentences and say where Clinometers are used

 

1. Indicating pitch and roll of vehicles sail boats, and aircraft.

2. Monitoring boom angle of cranes and material handlers.

3. Measuring the "look angle" of a satellite antenna towards a satellite.

4. Measuring the slope angle of a tape or chain during distance measurement.

5. Estimating the height of a building, tree, or other feature using a vertical angle and a distance (determined by taping or pacing).

6. Measuring the angle of drilling in well-logging applications.

7. Measuring steepness of a ski slope.

  

7.3 Read the text about an inclinometer and translate it

 

An inclinometer or clinometer is an instrument for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation or inclination of an object with respect to gravity. It is also known as a tilt meter, tilt indicator, slope alert, slope gauge, gradient meter, gradiometer, level gauge, level meter, and pitch and roll indicator.

More particularly, an inclinometer can refer to:

An instrument used to determine the angle of the Earth's magnetic field in respect to the horizontal plane.

An instrument for showing the inclination of an aircraft or ship relative to the horizontal. An airplane instrument.

An instrument for showing a deviation from the true vertical or horizontal.

An instrument used by surveyors in order to measure an angle of inclination or elevation.

Compass with inclinometer.

An inclinometer is used as a rollover warning to alert equipment operator of possible tip over condition.

Any of various surveying instruments for measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline, as of an embankment. Also called a clinometer.

An instrument for measuring slight differences in slopes, particularly for geophysics. Such inclinometers are, for instance, used for monitoring volcanoes, or for measuring the depth and rate of landslide movement.

An inclinometer may also be used in civil engineering projects to measure movements in walls and the ground.

An instrument for determining the dip of beds or strata, or the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level.

An instrument used by surveyors in order to measure an angle of inclination or elevation.

 

7.4 Answer the questions

 

What kind of instrument is inclinometer?

Which other names of inclinometer do you know?

Where they can be used?

 

7.5 Find out the definitions of the words

 

          Inclination

    Angle

         Switch

        Artificial

         Sensor

        A device, such as a photoelectric cell, that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus.
        A deviation or the degree of deviation from the horizontal or vertical

       The figure formed by two lines diverging from a common point.

       To connect, disconnect, or divert (an electric current) by operating a switch.

       Made by humans; produced rather than natural.

 

7.6 Match the halves of sentences

 

An inclinometer or clinometer is an instrument

An instrument used to

The tilt angle range is

It is also known as

a tilt meter, tilt indicator, slope alert, slope gauge.

the range of desired linear output measured in degrees.

  determine the angle of the Earth's magnetic field.

for measuring angles of slope

 

7.7 Complete the brackets and read the short text about Relative gravimeters. Retell it

 

Safety, flight, respect, horizon, important indication, the range, sensors and inclinometers, systems.

An inclinometer may also be used in some automotive ___systems.

Tilt sensors and inclinometers generate an artificial ___and measure angular tilt with___ to this horizon. They are used in cameras, aircraft ___controls, automobile security___, and special switches. Also used for platform levelling, boom angle___, anywhere tilt requires measuring. Important specifications to consider when searching for tilt ___are the tilt angle range and number of axes. The tilt angle range is ___of desired linear output measured in degrees. The number of axes the inclinometer and tilt sensor measure on is another___ specification.

 

             Unit 8. A frequency counter

 

8.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

An axle counter- ось есептеуіш

Independent sensors- дербес сенсорлар

Via dedicated copper cable арнайы мыс кабель арқылы

Via a telecommunications transmission system- телекоммуникациялық жүйе арқылы

Frequency counter- жиілікті есептеуші

The number of oscillations or pulses per second- секундқа шаққандағы толқулармен пульстардың саны

Must be calibrated very accurately – жоғарғы деңгейдегі сәйкестікпен калибрациялау

For radio frequencies- радиолық жиіліктер үшін

a high-speed prescaler –жоғыры жылдамдықтағы жиілікті есептеуі

8.2 Find out synonyms of the words from the text below

 

Create, work, dissimilar, merge, straight, changelessness, ordered, a lot of,

happen.

 

8.3 Read the text about a frequency counter and translate it

 

A frequency counter is an electronic instrument, or component of one, that is used for measuring frequency. Frequency is defined as the number of events of a particular sort occurring in a set period of time. Frequency counters usually measure the number of oscillations or pulses per second in a repetitive electronic signal. Such an instrument is sometimes referred to as a cymometer, particularly one of Chinese manufacture.

Frequency counters designed for radio frequencies  are also common and operate on the same principles as lower frequency counters. Often, they have more range before they overflow. For very high (microwave) frequencies, many designs use a high-speed prescaler to bring the signal frequency down to a point where normal digital circuitry can operate. The displays on such instruments take this into account so they still display the correct value.

Microwave frequency counters can currently measure frequencies up to almost 100 GHz. Above these frequencies the signal to be measured is combined in a mixer with the signal from a local oscillator, producing a signal at the difference frequency, which is low enough to be measured directly.

The accuracy of a frequency counter is strongly dependent on the stability of its time base. Highly accurate circuits are used to generate this for instrumentation purposes, usually using a quartz crystal oscillator within a sealed temperature-controlled chamber known as a crystal oven or OCXO(oven controlled crystal oscillator).

 For higher accuracy measurements, an external frequency reference tied to a very high stability oscillator such as a GPS disciplined rubidium oscillator may be used. Where the frequency does not need to be known to such a high degree of accuracy, simpler oscillators can be used. It is also possible to measure frequency using the same techniques in software in an embedded system. A CPU for example, can be arranged to measure its own frequency of operation provided it has some reference time base to compare with.

 

8.4 Answer the questions

 

What kind of instrument is a frequency counter?

How can frequency be defined?

Which purpose is frequency counter designed for?

What device is used for very high (microwave) frequencies?

What can accuracy of a frequency counter be dependent on?

 

 

8.5 Match the halves of sentences

 

A frequency counter is

Frequency counters usually measure

Frequency counters designed for radio frequencies  

The accuracy of a frequency counter

Highly accurate circuits are

 used to generate this for instrumentation purposes.

 is strongly dependent on the stability of its time base.

 are also common and operate on the same principles as lower frequency counters.

 the number of oscillations or pulses per second.

 an electronic instrument, or component of one, that is used for measuring frequency.

 

8.6 Put the words in the brackets and read the text about Geiger counter. Retell it

 

Ionizing radiation, displayed, measurements, conducts, gas, radiation, alpha particles, the emission, electronic circuits, a pulse of current,

 

A Geiger counter, also called a Geiger–Muller counter, is a type of particle detector that measures__. They detect the ____of nuclear radiation: alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays. A Geiger counter detects ____ by ionization produced in a low-pressure ___ in a Geiger–Muller tube. Each particle detected produces___, but the Geiger counter cannot distinguish the energy of the source particles. Invented in 1908, Geiger counters remain popular instruments used for _____in health, physics, industry, geology and other fields, because they can be made with simple ____.

Geiger counters are used to detect ionizing radiation, usually beta particles and gamma rays, but certain models can detect____. An inert gas-filled tube (usually helium, neon or argon with halogens added) briefly___ electricity when a particle or photon of radiation makes the gas conductive. The tube amplifies this conduction by a cascade effect and outputs a current pulse, which is then often ___by a needle, or lamp and/or audible clicks.

 

             Unit 9. A particle counter

 

9.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

A particle counter- бөлшек есептеуіш

To illuminate the particle- бөлшекті анықтау

The detection chamber анықтаушы камера

The redirected light- қайтадан бағытталған жарық

Tabulate- табуляциялау, бағандау

The air quality- ауаның сапасы

The ambient air – атмосферадығы ауа

Semiconductor manufacturing- жартылайөткізгіш жасау

Widely referenced standard in the world- әлемдегі кең таралған стандарт

 

9.2 Find out synonyms of the words from the text below

 

Find out, derivation, ascertain, impressionable, systematize, extent, completeness, go by.

 

9.3 Read the text about a particle counter and translate it

 

A particle counter is an instrument that detects and counts particles. By its very nature a particle counter is a single particle counter, meaning it detects and counts particles one at a time. The nature of particle counting is based upon either light scattering or light obscuration. A high energy light source is used to illuminate the particle as it passes through the detection chamber.

 The particle passes through the light source (typically a laser) and if light scattering is used, then the redirected light is detected by a photo detector. Or if light blocking (obscuration) is used the loss of light is detected. The amplitude of the light scattered or light blocked is measured and the particle is counted and tabulated into standardized counting bins. Applications of particle counters are separated into two primary categories:

Aerosol particle counters

Liquid particle counters

Aerosol Particle Counters are used to determine the air quality by counting and sizing the number of particles in the air. This information is useful in determining the amount of particles inside a building or in the ambient air. It also is useful in understanding the cleanliness level in a controlled environment.

A common controlled environment aerosol particle counters are used is a clean room. Clean rooms are used extensively in semiconductor manufacturing, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, disk drive, aerospace and other fields that are very sensitive to environmental contamination. Clean rooms have defined particle count limits. Aerosol particle counters are used to test and classify a clean room to ensure its performance is up to a specific clean room classification standard. Several standards exist for clean room classification.

 

9.4 Answer the questions

 

What kind of instrument is a particle counter?

What is the nature of particle counting based upon?

How many primary categories are applications of particle counters separated into?

What is aerosol particle counters?

How do you understand the word “Clean rooms”?

 

 9.5 Find out the definitions of the words

 

Light

Bin

Chamber

Aerosol

Environment

The medium of illumination that makes sight possible.  

Acolloidal dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gas; smoke or fog.  

The external surroundings in which a plant or animal lives, which tend to influence its development and behaviour

A box or enclosed place for storing grain, coal, or the like.

An object used for or capable of holding, esp. for transport or storage.

 

9.6 Match the halves of sentences

 

Aerosol Particle Counters are

The nature of particle counting is based

A particle counter is

Clean rooms

Applications of particle counters are

separated into two primary categories.

have defined particle count limits.

an instrument that detects and counts particles.

  upon either light scattering or light obscuration.

  used to determine the air quality by counting and sizing the number of particles in the air.

 

9.7 Put the words in the brackets and read the text about absolute gravimeters. Retell it

 

Ground, the acceleration of a mass, motion, development, the acceleration, includes Absolute gravimeters, which nowadays are made compact so they  can be used in the field, work by directly measuring ____during free fall in a vacuum, when the accelerometer is rigidly attached to the___.

The mass ___a retroreflector and terminates one arm of a Michelson interferometer. By counting and timing the interference fringes, ___of the mass can be measured. A more recent ___is a "rise and fall" version that tosses the mass upward and measures both upward and downward___.

This allows cancellation of some measurement errors, however "rise and fall" gravimeters are not in common use. Absolute gravimeters are used in the calibration of relative gravimeters, surveying for gravity anomalies (voids), and for establishing the vertical control network.

 

 

          Unit 10. A dynamometer

 

10.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

A device for measuring force- күшті өлшейтін қондырғы

By simultaneously measuring – бірдей өлшеу арқылы

A driven machine such as a pump- насосқа ұқсас машина

combustion behavior and tribology – отынның жануының тәртібі және трибологиясы

Kinesiology- кинезиология

ergonomics realms- эргономика салалары

 

10.2 Find out synonyms of the words from the text below

 

Generated, circle, velocity, sometime, to be able to, used, motor, by choosing, degree, for instance.

 

10.3 Read the text about a dynamometer and translate it

 

A dynamometer is a device for measuring force, moment of force (torque), or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed.

A dynamometer can also be used to determine the torque and power required to operate a driven machine such as a pump. In that case, motoring or driving dynamometer is used. A dynamometer that is designed to be driven is called an absorption or passive dynamometer. A dynamometer that can either drive or absorb is called a universal or active dynamometer.

In addition to being used to determine the torque or power characteristics of a machine under test (MUT), dynamometers are employed in a number of other roles. In standard emissions testing cycles such as those defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), dynamometers are used to provide simulated road loading of either the engine (using an engine dynamometer) or full power train (using a chassis dynamometer). In fact, beyond simple power and torque measurements, dynamometers can be used as part of a test bed for a variety of engine development activities such as the calibration of engine management controllers, detailed investigations into combustion behaviour and tribology.

In the medical terminology, hand-held dynamometers are used for routine screening of grip and hand strength and initial and ongoing evaluation of patients with hand trauma or dysfunction. They are also used to measure grip strength in patients where compromise of the cervical nerve roots or peripheral nerves is suspected.

In the rehabilitation, kinesiology, and ergonomics realms, force dynamometers are used for measuring the back, grip, arm, and or leg strength of athletes, patients, and workers to evaluate physical status, performance, and task demands. Typically the force applied to a lever or through a cable are measured and then converted to a moment of force by multiplying by the perpendicular distance from the force to the axis of the level.

 

10.4 Answer the questions

 

What kind of device is dynamometer?

How do they operate?

What is passive dynamometer?

What is universal or active dynamometer?

Where can dynamometers are used?

 

10.5 Find out the definitions of the words

 

Absorption

Ergonomics

Chassis

Dysfunction

Tribology

     The frame, wheels, and machinery of a motor vehicle, on which the body is supported.

          Biotechnology the study of the relationship between workers and their environment, esp. the equipment they use.

          The study of the effects of friction on moving machine parts and of methods, as lubrication, of obviating them.

          The state or process of being absorbed.

          Any disturbance or abnormality in the function of an organ or part.

 

10.6 Match the halves of sentences

 

A dynamometer is_____________

The power produced by an engine____________

A dynamometer that can either drive or absorb is called__________

They are also used__________

to measure grip strength in patients.

            a universal or active dynamometer.

     a device for measuring force, moment of force (torque), or power.

     can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed .

 

10.7 Put the words in the brackets and read the text about Types of dynamometers. Retell it

 

To classification, engine, absorption, dynamometers, use, a motor, the power train

In addition ____as Absorption, Motoring or Universal as described above, ___can be classified in other ways.

A dyno that is coupled directly to an ____is known as an engine dyno.

A dyno that can measure torque and power delivered by ___of a vehicle directly from the drive wheel or wheels (without removing the engine from the frame of the vehicle), is known as a chassis dyno.

Dynamometers can also be classified by the type of absorption unit or absorber or driver that they___. Some units that are capable of ____only can be combined with ___to construct an absorber/driver or universal dynamometer.

 

              Unit 11. A microwave power meter

 

11.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

Microwave frequencies- микротолқынды жиіліктер

The actual power sensing element-энергия сезгіш элемен

To convert- өзгерту

To create a digital output- цифрлық енгіулерді жасау

frequency-selective- жиілік таңдайтын

Thermistor-based power sensors-жылуға негізделген энегргетикалық сенсорлар

Calorimeter-колориметр

Bolometer-балометр

 

11.2 Read the sentences and say the three main types of microwave power meters

Average power meter – measures true average power of the signal.

Peak and average power meter - display profile or envelope of the signal and measures peak, average and peak to average ratio power.

USB power meter or sensor – a compact, small form factor hardware that combines the functionality of a meter and a sensor. It can also be divided into average USB power meter or peak and average USB power meter.

 

11.3 Read the text about a microwave power meter and translate it

 

A microwave power meter is an instrument which measures the electrical power at microwave frequencies.

Usually a microwave power meter will consist of a measuring head which contains the actual power sensing element, connected via a cable to the meter proper, which displays the power reading. The head may be referred to as a power sensor or mount. Different power sensors can be used for different frequencies or power levels.

Historically the means of operation in most power sensor and meter combinations was that the sensor would convert the microwave power into an analogue voltage which would be read by the meter and converted into a power reading. Several modern power sensor heads contain electronics to create a digital output and can be plugged via USB into a PC which acts as the power meter.

Microwave power meters have a wide bandwidth—they are not frequency-selective. To measure the power of a specific frequency component in the presence of other signals at different frequencies a spectrum analyzer or measuring receiver is needed.

There are a variety of different technologies which have been used as the power sensing element. Each has advantages and disadvantages.

Thermal sensors can generally be divided into two main categories, thermocouple power sensors and thermistor-based power sensors. Thermal sensors depend on the process of absorbing the rF and microwave signal energy, and sense the resulting heat rise. Therefore they respond to true average power of the signal, whether it is pulsed, CW, AM/FM or any complex modulation. (Agilent 2008)

Thermocouple power sensors make up the majority of the thermal power sensors sold at present. They are generally reasonably linear and have a reasonably fast response time and dynamic range. The microwave power is absorbed in a load whose temperature rise is measured by the thermocouple. Thermocouple sensors often require a reference DC or microwave power source for calibration before measuring; this can be built into the power meter.

 

11.4 Answer the questions

 

What is a microwave power meter?

What does a microwave power meter consist of?

What categories Thermal sensors are divided into?

Describe the Thermocouple sensors.

 

11.5 Find out the definitions of the words

 

        Microwave

        Sensor

        Modulation

        Receiver

        Thermal

   Generating heat or increased temperature.  

        The act of modulating or the condition of being modulated

   An electromagnetic wave of extremely high frequency.

   The equipment in a radar system, radio telescope, etc., that converts incoming radio signals into a useful form.

        Anything, such as a photoelectric cell, that receives a signal or stimulus and responds to it.

 

11.6 Match the halves of sentences

 

A microwave power meter is_____

There are a variety of different technologies______

The means of operation in most power sensor and meter combinations was______

Each has ______

Usually a microwave power meter will consist of______

 

a measuring head.

advantages and disadvantages.

that the sensor would convert the microwave power into an analogue voltage.

which have been used as the power sensing element.

an instrument which measures the electrical power at microwave frequencies.

 

11.7 Put the words in the brackets and read the text about Diode.

Retell it

 

Response, modulated signals, microwave power, linearity correction circuits, diode sensors, dynamic range, output voltage, be used.

 

Many ___heads use one or more diode(s) to rectify the incident microwave power, and have extremely fast___. The diode would generally ____in its square-law region and hence give an ___proportional to the incident RF power. In order to extend their ___beyond the square-law region, _____ or multiple diode stacks are used. With advancement in comprehensive data compensation algorithm and diode stacks topology, ___like the Agilent E9300A is able to respond properly to complex ___over a wide dynamic range. (Agilent, 2006) Like thermocouple sensors, they often require a reference source.

 

              Unit 12. An optical power meter

 

12.1 Read and memorize new words and word combinations

 

Range of wavelengths- толқынның деңгейі

Optical Light Source оптикалық жарық көзі

Reflectance- шағылысу

Combine- араластыру

Semiconductor- жартылайөткізгіш

to saturate – дымқылмен,энергиямен толықтыру,қамтамасыз ету

The entire power range- энергияның толық деңгейі

The detector area анықтайтын аймақ

Intermediate levels- орталық деңгейі

Degradation-құлдырау

 

12.2 Read the sentences and say three types of equipment can be used to measure optical power loss

 

1. Component equipment - Optical Power Meters (OPMs) and Stabilized Light Sources (SLSs) are packaged separately, but when used together they can provide a measurement of end-to-end optical attenuation over an optical path. Such component equipment can also be used for other measurements.

2. Integrated test set - When an SLS and OPM are packaged in one unit, it is called an integrated test set. Traditionally, an integrated test set is usually called an OLTS. GR-198

Generic Requirements for Hand-Held Stabilized Light Sources, Optical Power Meters, Reflectance Meters, and Optical Loss Test Sets, discusses OLTS equipment in depth.

3. An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR can be used to measure optical link loss if its markers are set at the terminus points for which the fiber loss is desired. The accuracy of such a measurement can be increased if the measurement is made as a bidirectional average of the fiber. GR-196, Generic Requirements for Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Type Equipment, discusses OTDR equipment in depth.

 

12.3 Read the text about an optical power meter and translate it

 

An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to measure the power in an optical signal. The term usually refers to a device for testing average power in fibre optic systems. Other general purpose light power measuring devices are usually called radiometers, photometers, laser power meters, light meters or lux meters.

A typical optical power meter consists of a calibrated sensor, measuring amplifier and display. The sensor primarily consists of a photodiode selected for the appropriate range of wavelengths and power levels. On the display unit, the measured optical power and set wavelength is displayed. Power meters are calibrated using a traceable calibration standard such as a NIST standard.

A traditional optical power meter responds to a broad spectrum of light, however the calibration is wavelength dependent. This is not normally an issue, since the test wavelength is usually known, however it has a couple of drawbacks. Firstly, the user must set the meter to the correct test wavelength, and secondly if there are other spurious wavelengths present, then wrong readings will result.

Sometimes optical power meters are combined with a different test function such as an Optical Light Source (OLS) or Visual Fault Locator (VFL), or may be a sub-system is a much larger instrument. When combined with a light source, the instrument is usually called an Optical Loss Test Set.

Optical Loss Test Sets (OLTS) are available in dedicated handheld instruments and platform-based modules to suit various network architectures and test requirements. They are used to measure optical power and power loss, and reflectance and reflected power loss. The products may also be used as optical sources or optical power meters, or to measure optical return loss or event reflectance.

 

 

 

 

12.4 Answer the questions

 

What kind of device is an optical power meter?

What does a typical optical power consist of?

When Optical Loss Test Sets are available?

How do you understand radiometers, photometers, laser power meters, light meters or lux meters?

What does the sensor consist of?

 

12.5 Find out the definitions of the words

 

Fibre

Display

Amplifier

Photodiode

Spurious

Having the appearance of another part but differing from it in origin, development, or function; false.  

A natural or synthetic filament that may be spun into yarn, such as cotton or nylon

An electronic device used to increase the strength of the current or voltage signal fed into it. 

The act of exhibiting or displaying; show.  

A semiconductor diode, the conductivity of which is controlled by incident illumination.  

 

12.6 Match the halves of sentences

 

An optical power meter (OPM) is____

The term usually refers____

A typical optical power meter consists ____

The products may also be used____

If there are other spurious wavelengths present,___

then wrong readings will result.

as optical sources or optical power meters.

of a calibrated sensor, measuring amplifier and display.

to a device for testing average power in fiber optic systems.

 a device used to measure the power in an optical signal.

 

12.7 Put the words in the brackets and read the text about a gravimeter.

Retell it

 

Earth, an instrument, types, the surface, measure, prospecting, to cause, accelerometers, research, processing, resolution, with another, vibrations, known,

gravimeters, structures, for measuring, units, in order to.

A gravimeter or gravitometer is ___used in gravimetry for measuring the local gravitational field of the___. A gravimeter is a type of accelerometer, specialized ___the constant downward acceleration of gravity, which varies by about 0.5% over ___of the Earth. Though the essential principle of design is the same as in other___, gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive ___measure very tiny fractional changes within the Earth's gravity of 1 g, caused by nearby geologic ___or the shape of the Earth and by temporal tidal variations.

This sensitivity means that gravimeters are susceptible to extraneous ___including noise that tends ___oscillatory accelerations. In practice this is counteracted by integral vibration isolation and signal___. The constraints on temporal resolution are usually less for gravimeters, so that ___can be increased by processing the output with a longer "time constant". Gravimeters display their measurements in units of gals, instead of ordinary ___of acceleration.

Gravimeters are used for petroleum and mineral___, seismology, geodesy, geophysical surveys and other geophysical___, and for metrology.

There are two ___of gravimeters: relative and absolute. Absolute ___measure the local gravity in absolute units, gals. Relative gravimeters compare the value of gravity at one point___. They must be calibrated at a location where the gravity is ___accurately, and then transported to the location where the gravity is to be measured. They___ the ratio of the gravity at the two points.

 

  

Әдебиеттер тізімі

 

         1. Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Third edition 2003.

         2. 2000. Opportunities. Pre-Intermediate Dictionary. Longman.2004.

         3. Collins college dictionary, Wratham, England 2009.

4. Н.Т. Сауранбаев, Г.Г. Мусабаев, Ш.Ш. Сарыбаев. Русско-казахский       словарь.-Алматы: ДАЙК-ПРЕСС, 2005.

5. Allen’s Dictionary of English Phrases. Penguim Books, 2008.

6. Sally Wehmeier. Oxford power Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1998.

         7. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

 

 

 

Мазмұны

 

1. Instrumentation                                                                                                    3

2. History of Instrumentation                                                                                   5               

3. Metrology                                                                                                             8

4. Accuracy and precision                                                                                       11                     

5. An accelerometer                                                                                                14          

6. A gravimeter                                                                                                       16    

7. An inclinometer                                                                                                  18

8. A frequency counter                                                                                           21                

9 A particle counter.                                                                                               23

  10. A dynamometer                                                                                                 25

11. A microwave power meter                                                                                27

12. An optical power meter                                                                                     29

 

  

2012 ж. жиынтық жоспары, 257 рет