Некоммерческое акционерное общество

АЛМАТИНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ 

 

Кафедра Иностранных языков

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания

для развития устной речи на основе свободных тем

для студентов всех форм обучения всех специальностей

 

 

 

Алматы 2009 

СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ: К.Е. Молдабаева. Английский язык. Методические указания для  развития устной речи на основе свободных тем для всех форм обучения. – Алматы. АИЭС, 2009. –  с. 

Методические указания предназначены для развития и совершенствования навыков устной речи на английском языке и рассчитаны на студентов всех специальностей. Целью методической разработки является подготовка студентов к экзаменам по английскому языку, поэтому в ней предусмотрена система упражнений, направленных на развитие навыков чтения, устной речи, перевода. Методические указания рекомендуются к изданию.  

 

         Topic I. Geographical position of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is situated at the meeting- point of two continents, Europe and Asia, between 45 and 87 degrees longitude and 40 and 55 degrees latitude. The geographical centre of Eurasia lies in Kazakhstan in the former Semipalatinsk nuclear testing range.

Kazakhstan stretches east to west from the Caspian Sea and the Volga plains to the mountains of Altai, and from the foothills of the Tien – Shan in the south-east to the lowlands of Western Siberia in the north. It covers an area of 2.7 millions square kilometers. Kazakhstan is the ninth largest states after Russia, Canada, the US, Brazil, Australia, India and Argentina. Its vast area testifies to the enormous potential of this part of the world.

Kazakhstan borders on Russia to the east, north and north-west. Its neighbors to the south are Central Asian states of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. China lies to the south-east. All in all, Kazakhstan’s borders are almost 12,200 km long, including 600 km along the Caspian Sea.

         Over a quarter of Kazakhstan’s territory is steppe, half is desert and semi- desert, and the remaining quarter is covered by mountains, seas, lakes and rivers.

Kazakhstan can be divided into several climate zones: forested steppe, steppe, semi-desert, desert, sub mountainous and mountainous zones.

Kazakhstan, situated between the two strikingly different regions of Eurasia- Central Asia and Siberia. Its climate is therefore continental and natural precipitations are unevenly distributed. Kazakhstan has a severe winter and a long hot summer. One of Kazakhstan’s greatest treasures is mineral resources.

 

I. Study the words and word combinations.

to stretch- вытягивание, протяжение, простираться

to border on – граничить

precipitation – осадок

longitude - долгота

latitude - широта

plain – равнина

desert - пустыня

treasure - сокровище

striking- поразительный, замечательный

 

 

II. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Where is Kazakhstan situated?

2. What is the territory of the country?

3. What countries does it border on?

4. Describe the climate of Kazakhstan?

5. What is the greatest treasure in Kazakhstan?

 

 

III. Read and translate the names of these countries into Russian.

Kazakhstan, Europe, Asia, Eurasia, Russia, Canada, the US, Brazil, Australia, India, Argentina, Central Asia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan.

 

IV. Translate the word combinations.

The meeting- point, the geographical centre, testing range, climate zones, forested steppe, semi-desert, mineral resources, strikingly different regions, enormous potential, covered by mountains, seas, lakes and rivers.

  

V.  Answer the questions to the text.

1. Where is Kazakhstan situated?

2. What is the territory of the country?

3. What countries does it border?

4. Describe the climate of Kazakhstan

5. What is the greatest treasure in Kazakhstan?

  

VI. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

 (Testifies, situated, borders, incorporates, treasures, part,)

 

1.     Kazakhstan is ___ at the meeting- point of two continents.

2.     Its vast area ____ to the enormous potential of this ___ of the world.

3.     The city’s architecture ____ national features.

4.     Kazakhstan ____ on Russia to the east, north and north-west.

 5. One of Kazakhstan’s greatest ____ is mineral resources.

  

VII. Match the sentence halves.

1.     Kazakhstan has…

2.     Kazakhstan can be divided into…

3.     Kazakhstan is situated…

4.     Kazakhstan is…

5.     Kazakhstan’s territory is…

 

a) the ninth largest states after Russia, Canada, the US, Brazil, Australia, India and Argentina.

b) several climate zones.

     c) steppe, half is desert and semi- desert.

d) at the meeting- point of two continents.

e) a severe winter and a long hot summer. 

 

VIII. Mark sentences True (T) or False (F).

1. Kazakhstan has a warm winter and a cool and dry summer.

2. Its climate is continental and natural precipitations are unevenly distributed.

3. Kazakhstan is poor in mineral resources.

4. Over a quarter of Kazakhstan’s territory is steppe; half is desert and semi- desert.

5. It covers an area of 4.7 millions square kilometers. 

 

IX. Match the words with definitions.

1. be situated

2. neighbor

3. cover

4. state

5. different

6. climate

7. centre

8. area

 

a) Describes something that is not the same.

b) Part of a place, of a country or a city.

c) The weather that is typical of a region.

d) To be in a particular place.

e) To put something over the top.

f) The middle part of a place.

g) Someone who lives or works near to you.

h) The condition of something, a place.

 

X. Make up word combinations with the words given below

 

1. mineral

2. meeting

3. enormous

4. hot

5. part

6. degrees

7. covered

8. continental

9. largest

10. chill

 

a)     summer

b)    of the world

c)      resources

d)    by mountains

e)     precipitation

f)      country

g)     point

h)     winds

i)       latitude

j)       potential

                                            

XI. Write a composition about your country.

 Imagine that you are writing to your English friend. Start writing like this. Dear (any English name you like), you asked me to tell you about my country. I do it with great pleasure.

 

XII. Speak about: “Geographical position of Kazakhstan”.

Use the following words and word combination for your topic: (the geographical centre, climate zones, covered by mountains, seas, lakes and rivers, the meeting- point,by the way, a number of, as a result, bring about, in comparison to, in particular, of course, on the one hand, on the other hand.) 

 

Topic II. Almaty

 

Almaty is situated in the south - east of Kazakhstan on the site of a Silk Road oasis. In the early days there was a settlement named “ Almaty”. It was a commercial centre known to Chinese, Arabian and Persian merchants. In 1854 a fortification called Verny was built. In 1867, it transformed into the town of Verny, an administrative centre of the Semirechnisk Region, and began to expand its border rapidly.

In 1921 Alma-Ata became the capital of Kazakhstan. In 1993 Alma-Ata was renamed into Almaty. In 1995, with the transfer of the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Astana, Almaty gained its current status as the financial, economic, and scientific centre of the state. However, it remains the capital in our hearts.

Now the population of the city is more than one million people. People of one hundred nationalities live and work in this wonderful city. It stands at the foothills of the Zailiysky Alatau Mountains. Much attention is paid to the planting of greenery. It is one of the greenest cities in the Republic. The city’s architecture incorporates national features.  There are many monumental buildings: the Republic Palace, the hotel “Kazakhstan”, The Republic Square, the Central Museum, the Circus, the Marriage Registry Palace, etc. New, modern, residential districts with broad streets and avenues, and big squares have appeared in the city. Most of the city’s architecture is fairly low-rise due to Almaty’s earthquake prone location. All this makes it a pleasant city to walk around, though the central area is very spread out and distances are long.

Almaty is also a big industrial center in the Republic. There are dozens of factories in the city. The Almaty Heavy Machine – Building plant and Cotton Mill are considered the biggest.

Almaty is the most important educational centre in the country. Among the institutions of higher learning in the city are the Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi, the Kazakh Pedagogical University named after Abai Kunanbaev, the Kazakh Medical University named after Asfendijarov, the Kazakh National Polytechnical University named after Satpaev, and which became large centers for training highly qualified specialists in many branches of national economy.

In 1946, the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan was established. At present, Almaty has dozens of research institutions where scientists work on the most urgent problem in science, engineering and agriculture.

Finally, Almaty is an important cultural centre. There are many theatres, cinemas and museums. The Kazakh Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet named after Abai, gave birth to the Kazakh national opera and ballet. The inhabitants of Almaty are proud of the world – famous “Medeo” alpine ice stadium where they can skate all the year round.

 

I. Study the words and word combinations.

Fortification-укрепление

To expand-расширять

To incorporate-объединять

Earthquake-землетрясение

To comprise- включать, быть в составе

Outstanding-выдающееся

Acute-острый, сильный

Settlement-поселение

Devote-посвящать

Rename-переименовать

Urgent-срочный, крайне необходимый

 

II. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Where is Almaty situated?

2. What do you know about the history of Almaty?

3. When did Almaty become the capital of the Republic?

4. What is the population of the city?

5. What can you say about the architecture of the city?

6. Why is Almaty an educational centre of the Republic?

7. What can you say about the institutions of higher learning?

8. Is Almaty an important cultural centre?                                

9. What are the inhabitants of Almaty proud of?

10. What particular status does it have?

 

III. Read and translate the international words.

Oasis, status, financial, economic, commercial, national, centre, avenues, architecture, nationalities, problem, engineering, museum, stadium, monument, region, opera, ballet. 

 

IV. Translate the word combinations.

A commercial centre, began to expand, current status, much attention is devoted, wonderful city, very spread out, have appeared in the city, dozens of factories, all the year round, industrial centers in the Republic. 

 

V. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

 

(was established, the greenest, a commercial centre, was renamed, the population.)

1. It was ____ known to Chinese, Arabian and Persian merchants.

2. In 1946, the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan____ .

3. It is one of ____ cities in the Republic.

4. Now ____ of the city is more than one million people.

5. In 1993 Alma-Ata ___ Almaty.

 

VI. Match the sentence halves.

1. Almaty is situated

2. However, it remains

3. Almaty is

4. There are

5. The city’s architecture

 

a) an important cultural centre.

b) in South - East Kazakhstan on the site of a Silk Road oasis.

c) many theatres, cinemas and museums.

d) the capital in our hearts.

e) incorporates national features.

 

VII. Mark sentences True (T) or False (F).

1. Almaty has been never a commercial centre.

2. Almaty is one of the biggest industrial centers in the Republic.

3. People of few nationalities live and work in Almaty.

4. The inhabitants of Almaty are proud of the world – famous “Medeo”.

5. In 1754, a fortification called Verny was built.

 

VIII. Match the words with definitions.

1. capital

2. nationality

3. population

4. feature

5. quality

6. inhabitant

                                             

a) all the people living in a country or region

b) the good, bad etc. standard of something

c) the most important city of a country

d) one of different ways you can use in a particular computer

e) official membership of a country and the right to vote

f) someone who lives in a particular place 

 

IX. Make up word combinations with the words given below.

1. ice

2. to take

3. qualified

4. national

5. cultural

6. branches

7. planting

8. famous

9. wonderful

10. current

 

a) specialists

b) features

c) festival

d) status

e) centre

f) city

g) stadium

h) of greenery

i) of national economy

j) part

 

X. Make up the plan to the text and retell it. 

 

Topic III.  Astana

The capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan Astana is situated in the centre of the Eurasian continent on the joint of the two great civilizations- western and eastern. It stands on the banks of the Ishim River. Its total area is about 22 thousand hectares. The population of the city is over 500 thousand people. The symbol of the young capital is the 97 metre tall monument “Astana-Baiterek”.

Akmolinsk steppes were always the territory of interethnic ties. Even Herodotus mentioned the Great Silk way, which wended through these steppes in the middle of the first millennium B.C. Many caravan ways gave life to the cities with flourishing trade.

In the XIX century Akmola was a popular trading and economic steppe centre. Its history started in 1830 when the Russian Empire founded a fortress called Akmolinsk and by the end of the XIX century it became a town with a population of about 6,428 people. It had three churches, 5 schools and colleges and 3 factories.

The next step in the development of this city was cultivating virgin lands. By 1960 the city having a population of 100 thousand people became the centre of north region of Kazakhstan. It was renamed Tselinograd and became a beautiful modern city with a population of 250 thousand people.

Many volunteers from the whole USSR came to build the city and to live there. Many institutes, hospitals, museums, and theatres were built here. The virgin area became an agricultural centre with the developed machinery engineering, cattle-breeding and poultry- keeping.

After Kazakhstan gained its independence the city regained its former name- Akmola. But in 1997 when the capital was transferred from Almaty, the city got a symbolic name “Astana”. The decision to transfer the capital depended on some economic, ecological and geographical factors. The main arguments in choosing the place for the capital were the general condition of the city, territory, and well- developed transport system. Besides it stimulates the economy of the northern, central and eastern regions.

In the last few years Astana has changed. It became a flourishing city of Kazakhstan. The city centre is impressive. Grand buildings of the Government and Parliament Houses, other administrative establishments meet all modern requirements

 

I.      Study the words and word combinations.

 

interethnic ties – интерэтические отношения

to mention - упомянуть

flourishing trade – цветущая торговля

fortress – крепость

to cultivate virgin lands - возделывать целину

former name – прежнее название 

cattle-breading - животноводство

poultry- keeping - птицеводство

to meet modern requirements – соответствовать современным требованиям

citizen – гражданин

                                              

II. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Where is Astana situated?

2. When did its history start?

3. What was the former name of the city?

4. What happened in the region in the 60-s?

5. When was the capital transferred from Almaty to Astana?

6. What were the main arguments for this?

7. How has Astana changed recently?

 

                                               

III. Read and translate the international words.

 

Continent, metre, territory, monument, interethnic, area, centre, hectares, caravan, college, popular, region, system, symbol, modern, civilization, history, factories, empire, volunteer, economic, ecological, geographical, factor. cultivating virgin lands,

 

IV. Translate the word combinations.

 

In the centre of the Eurasian continent, the territory of interethnic ties, caravan ways, in the middle of the first millennium B.C., a popular trading and economic steppe centre, became a beautiful modern city, the next step in the development, the general condition of the city, the main arguments in choosing the place for the capital, meet all modern requirements.   

 

V. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

(A flourishing city, factors, development, banks, caravan ways, cultivating, depended.)

1. It stands on the ___ of the Ishim River.

2. It became _______ of Kazakhstan.

3. The decision to transfer the capital ____ on some economic, ecological and geographical____.

4. Many ____ gave life to the cities with flourishing trade.

5. The next step in the ____ of this city was ___ virgin lands.

 

VI. Match the sentence halves.

 

1. In the XIX century Akmola was

2. The population of the city is

3. The virgin area became an agricultural centre

4. The capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan Astana is situated

5. The city centre is

 

a) over 500 thousand people.

b) with the developed machinery engineering, cattle-breeding and poultry- keeping.

c) in the centre of the Eurasian continent on the joint of the two great civilization- western and eastern.

d) Impressive.

e) a popular trading and economic steppe centre.

 

VII. Match the words with definitions.

 

1. civilisations

2. modern

3. established

4. argument

5. economical

6. admire

7. archaeological

8. atmosphere

9. attractive

10. design

 

a) to plan the shape, materials and colours of something that will be made or built.

b) describes someone or something settled and officially known

c) society and its culture in a particular organized state

d) Pleasant to look at or interesting

e) Describes something that uses styles, equipment, methods that exist now

f) The air all around us

g) An angry conversation between two or more people

h) Connected with the science of studying very old societies by examining things that are fond in the ground

i) Describes something that uses or needs less money, time, materials.

j) To have a good opinion about someone. 

 

VIII. Make up word combinations with the words given below.


1. cultivating

2. modern

3. interethnic

4. trading

5. geographical

6. administrative

7. magnificent

8. well-developed

9. caravan

10. area

 

a) establishment

b) architecture

c) transport system

d) ties

e) ways

f) centre

g) virgin lands

h) factor

i) total

j) city

 

IX. Replace highlighted words with synonyms.

 

1. The city centre is impressive.

2. It was renamed Tselinograd and became a beautiful modern city with a population of 250 thousand people.

3. The next step in the development of this city was cultivating virgin lands.

 

X. Writing an opinion piece.

 

Write your opinion of the topic “Astana”.

Use the following Idioms, Conjunctional and Prepositional Phrases, words and word combinations for your topic: (according to, as a matter of fact, as far as…, is concerned, as soon as, in other words, due to, so far, that is  to say, on the basis of, in the same manner, on the joint of the two great civilization, its total area..., the population of the city, the territory of interethnic ties, flourishing trade, a popular trading and economic steppe centre, the decision to transfer the capital,  to meet all modern requirements.)

 

XI. Make a plan to the text and retell it according to the plan.

 

Topic IV. Higher education in Kazakhstan

Citizens of Kazakhstan have the right to education. It is guaranteed by the RK Constitution. The broad development of compulsory secondary education, vocational training, specialized secondary and higher education, by the development of correspondence and evening courses, by the provision of state scholarships, grants and privileges for students ensure this right.
         In Kazakhstan there is a nine-year compulsory education, but to enter a university one has to study two years more.
School starts at the age of six for Kazakh children. But most of them have learnt letters in kindergarten which is now part of primary school. Primary and secondary schools together comprise eleven years of study. Every school has a "core curriculum" of Kazakh, mathematics, sciences. A variety of subjects are taught at lyceums and gymnasiums.
     After finishing a secondary school, lyceum or gymnasium one can go on to higher education. All applicants must take competitive examinations. Entrance examinations are held in July and August. Higher educational institutions are headed by Rectors. Vice-rectors are in charge of the academic and scientific work. Higher educational institutions train undergraduates and graduate students in one or several specializations. The faculties are headed by the Deans. There are departments within faculties.

The system of higher education in Kazakhstan is going through a transitional period. The main objectives of the reform are: decentralization of the higher education system, development of the autonomy of higher educational institutions, expansion of academic freedoms of faculties and students, development of new financial mechanism. All schools until recently were state-subsidized.
Education gives a person the prospect for professional advance. The citizens of Kazakhstan show a great concern for education for themselves and their children.
Institutions of higher education include: technical training schools, teachers training colleges, universities which offer master's and doctoral degrees programs.

I. Study words and phrases to the text

the right to education — право на образование
compulsory secondary education —
обязательное среднее образование
vocational training —
профессиональное обучение
correspondence and evening courses —
заочные и вечерние отделения
the provision of state scholarship —
предоставление государственных стипендий
kindergarten —
детский сад
primary school —
начальная школа
core curriculum —
основной курс обучения
РТ (physical training) — физкультура
to take competitive examinations —
сдавать вступительные экзамены
to hold entrance examinations —
проводить вступительные экзамены
vice-rector —
проректор
to be in charge of—
быть ответственным за
undergraduate —
студент .
graduate student —
выпускник высшего учебного заведения
to confer advanced academic degrees —
присваивать научные степени

 

II. Answer the questions to the text.

1.     What right is guaranteed by the Kazakh Constitution?

2.     What subjects comprise a “core curriculum”?

3.     When can one go on to higher education?

4.     What must all applicants for entry do?

5.     What are the main objects of the Kazakh higher education system?

6.     What do Kazakh institutions of higher education include?              

III. Translate the words and word combinations

Kazakhstan system of credits, local credit system, the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan, innovative, the mission of higher education institutions, fundamental changes, market economy, international practice, multi-channel mechanism of financing, international recognition of diplomas, further integration of the country, creative thinking, internationalization of the higher education system, European Credit Transfer System.

IV. Translate following word combinations

The educational system, basic higher education, a private sector, hilly skilled, technical profile, entrance examinations, the prospect for professional advance, state-subsidized, expansion of academic freedoms of faculties and students.

V. Match the sentence halves.

1 The educational system in Kazakhstan is…

2. Every citizen of our country has…

3. Postgraduate education leads to the scientific degrees of…

4. At present, there are…

5. The system of higher education…

a) universities, academies, and institutes, conservatories, higher schools and higher colleges.

b) presented by two languages: Kazakh and Russian.

c) Candidate of Sciences and Doctor of Sciences.

d) the right to education, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the country.

e) prepares hilly skilled experts.

 

VI. Match the words with the definition.

 

1.) available

2.) education

3.) government

4.) professor

5.) graduate

6.) student

7.) lesson

8.) practice

9.) research

10.) studies

 

a) the subjects you are learning in order to pass exams

b) to do things and not only read or discuss information, ideas.

c) A person who has finished university and has a degree.

d) When something is available, you can get it, buy it or use it.

e) A senior university teacher.

f) A period of time when you learn something with a teacher.

g) The knowledge or experience you get at school, college, university.

h) A person who is studying at a college or university.

i) To study something carefully in order to find an explanation.

j) The group of people who manage the economics and politics of a country.

  

VII. Make up word combinations with the words given below.

 

1. international

2. educational

3. fundamental

4. independent

5. The mission

6. international

7. a private

8. market

9. modernization

10. independent

a) changes

b) of higher education

c) sector

d) practice

e) standard

f) economy

g) testing

h) statehood

i) of educational process

j)institution

                                             

VIII. Replace highlighted words with the synonyms.

 

1. New educational standards introduced in 2004 by the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan allow universities to realize educational process according to both the traditional linear or new credit system.

2.It is especially critical for development of students exchange programs, as well

as for development of joint educational programs, which would combine both the best western teaching practice and the local specificity.

3. Higher education system underwent fundamental changes.

IX. Speaking. Compare the system of higher education in Kazakhstan with other countries (Russia, England, and USA).

X. Make up a plan to the text and retell it according to the plan.

 

Topic V.  My future profession

My future profession will be an engineer. There are several branches of this specialty. So, I want you to describe the spheres of activity of engineers.

       Electrical engineering and computer engineering are the control and transformation of energy and information. The work of electrical and computer engineers touches almost all aspects of modern technology, from space vehicles exploring earth's outer plants, to microscopic circuits on the chip of a laptop computer.

     Creative professions, electrical and computer engineering are key ingredients in research, development, design, testing, manufacturing and operation of new technologies. In the complex control of technology, such as nuclear power reactors or even small robots, electrical and computer engineering are essential.

Examples of electrical and computer engineering jobs include:

     Mechanical engineering impacts all technology of the past, present and future. From the early manufacturing of Model Ts, to the launching of today's Space Shuttle, to the development of tomorrow's biomechanics, mechanical engineering is integrally involved.

      Mechanical engineering is changing technology, which is then changing mechanical engineering. The traditional mechanical components of machinery and manufacturing are now being altered with new developments in superconductivity, precision engineering, and robotics and energy conversion.

Examples of mechanical engineering jobs include:

     Engineering technology is the profession in which knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences gained by higher education, experience, and practice is devoted primarily to the implementation and extension of existing technology for the benefit of humanity.  Engineering technology education focuses primarily on the applied aspects of science and engineering aimed at preparing graduates for practice in that portion of the technological spectrum closest to the produce improvement, manufacturing, and engineering operational functions.

ET programs are characterized by their focus on application and practice and by their approximately 50/50 mix of theory and laboratory experience.

Examples of engineering technology jobs include:

 

I. Study the words and word combinations.

·         benefit- выгода, польза

·         occupation- занятие, работа

·         society- общество

·         choice- выбор

·         experienced- опытный, квалифицированный

·         responsible- ответственный

·         install- устанавливать

·         maintenance- поддержание, сохранение

·         equipment- оборудование, установка

·         emergency- критичное положение

 

II. Answer the question to the text.

1. Can young people in your country choose any profession they like?

2. Is it easy to choose a profession in your country?

4. What was your favorite subject at school?

5. Who helped you to choose this profession?

6. Describe the profession of electrical engineers.

7. What can you say about the profession of a computer engineers?

 

III. Read and translate the international words.

Examination, serious, profession, engineer, practical, electrical, problem, system, modern, qualification, construction, production, computerization,

 

IV. Translate the word combinations.

A good engineer, practical skills, excellent qualification, to solve the problem, different trades and professions, a sudden flash, well-educated people, independent life, the benefit of our country, computer hardware design , management trainee,

 

V. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

(Abroad, experienced, needs, a lot of, favorite, qualification,)

1. There are ___different trades and professions.

2. Every engineer has a chance to go ___.

3. He must be ___ enough and have an excellent___.

4. At school physics and mathematics were my ___ subjects.

5. Our society needs well-educated people.

 

VI. Match the sentence halves.

 

1. At school physics and mathematics

2. In the case of emergency

3. So, I was quite certain

4. Our society needs

5. The electrical engineer is responsible

a) which profession should I choose.

b) were my favorite subjects.

c) well-educated people.

d) for installing and maintenance of electrical equipment.

e) he is able to solve the problem.

 

 

VII. Mark sentences True ( T ) or False ( F ).

1. Electrical and computer engineering jobs include: Senior Technical Associate, Sales Representative , and Project Manager.

2. Mechanical engineering is changing technology, which is then changing mechanical engineering.

3. Engineering technology jobs include: bio-engineering, manufacturing, materials

4. Electrical engineering impacts all technology of the past, present and future.

5. The work of electrical and computer engineers touches almost all aspects of modern technology.

 

VIII .Match the words with the definition.

 

1. start

2. job

3. learn

4. interest

5. necessary

6. responsible

7. unemployed

8. university

9. ambition

10. advanced

 

a) the particular job that you do for pay.

b) a subject or activity you enjoy very much.

c) something you want to achieve

d) to do the first part, take the first step.

e) a place where students study for degrees.

f) you must have it in order to do or get something.

g) something planned for people with a high level of skill.

h) to get knowledge or ability by doing something.

i) without a job.

j) someone or something who you can trust.

 

IX. Make up word combinations with the words given below.


1. choice                                          a) of occupation

2. different                                       b) knowledge

3.installing and  maintenance          c) skills

4. independent                                d) life

5. In case                                         e) qualification

6. theoretical                                   f) and professions

7. electrical                                      g) of electrical equipment

8. foreign                                         h) employers

9. excellent                                      i) of emergency


X. Make oral report on the theme: “The importance of profession in the life of people”. Use following words and word combinations for your topic: (either; for this reason; in addition to; in fact; in it’s turn; in particular; it goes without saying; owing to; pay attention to; result from, control and transformation of energy and information, computer hardware design, software development ,communications and networking, microelectronics ,Management Trainee ,robotics ,electrical design. )

 

Topic VI. Ecological problems in Kazakhstan

 

Since ancient times nature has served man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises have appeared all over the world today. The byproduct of their activity pollutes the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of lakes and rivers dry up. The pollution of air and the destruction of the ozone layer are the results of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of ecological crises.

The problem of environment is actual in our country too. The things we eat, the places we live in and the air around us are made dirty and unhealthy by machines and factories. Pollution in our country is a result of industrialization and it threatens every living thing: plants, animals, and people. It is dangerous for life.

Pollution deprives people of fresh air, clear water and healthy food. The examples are numerous: the waters of the Aral Sea are polluted and became much less then some years ago, the Caspian Sea becomes smaller too, and people from Semey suffer from radioactivity.

The big industrial cities are being polluted by traffic and industry. Water pollution has become a serious problem in many rivers in Kazakhstan. This problem is a global problem that's why all people of the country, young and old, must take an active part in the protection of natural resources rationally. Factories and plants must have purification systems to preserve the purity of water, air and soil. We must take care of plants, trees, animals, birds and fishes, especially of those that are dying out. We also have a Red Book where rare and dying out plants, birds, animals are registered.

Though the role of people in the solution of ecological problems has greatly increased, we can't say that we are doing all in our power, to stop harmful processes in preserving the environment. The following radical measures must be taken: 1. The replanting of trees that have been cut down; 2. Nuclear tests should be stopped; 3. Purification systems must be installed at plants and factories; 4. Natural resources should be used more rationally; 5. Rare and dying out birds, animals and plants should be protected; 6. Precaution measures should be taken against the destruction of the ozone layer.

I. Study the words and word combinations.


to serve – служить, обслуживать      to seem – казаться

unlimited – неограниченный,            interference – вмешательство

enterprise – предприятие                  by product – побочный продукт

harmful – вредный                            substance – вещество, материя

to suffer – страдать                           disappearance – исчезновение

unhealthy – нездоровый                   invisible – невидимый

to deprive – лишать чего -либо         dust – пыль


 

II. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. What problem is becoming global?

2. What substances pollute the air we breathe?

3. What can you say about ecological problems in your home town?

4. What can you say about air pollution in your country?

5. What can you say about water pollution in your country?

6. How can we solve these ecological problems?

 


III. Read and translate the international words.

Source, harmony, civilization, industrial, activity, atmosphere, smog, result, ocean, ozone, crises, actual, machines, factories, radioactivity, universal, oxide.

 

IV. Translate the word combinations.

The source of his life, to live in harmony with environment, natural riches, the development of civilization, man's interference in nature, smoky industrial enterprises, to pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables, harmful substances, to suffer from smog, the oxygen balance, ozone layer, careless interaction, to suffer from radioactivity, an invisible enemy nitrogen, respiratory means, to create a system of ecological security.

 

V. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

(enemy nitrogen , air, suffer , a sign ,protection, a result, destruction, disappear, becomes, interaction, problem, dry up.)

1. Environmental ____ is a universal concern.

2. The main ___ of ecology today is an invisible ____.

3. The Caspian Sea ___ smaller too, people from Semey ____ from radioactivity.

4. The pollution of ___ and the world's ocean ___ of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless ___with nature, ___ of ecological crises.

5. As ____ some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants forever, a number of lakes and rivers____.

 

 

VI. Match the sentence halves.

1. Environmental protection is …

2. For thousands of years people lived …

3. Many cities suffer …

4. Vast forests are …

5. Their disappearance upsets …

 

a) in harmony with environment.

b) from smog.

c) cut and burn in fire.

d) a universal concern.

e) the oxygen balance

 

 

VIII. Match the words with the definitions.

1. environment

2. pollution

3. nature

4. nuclear testing

5. noise

6. problem

7. save

8. situation

9. suffer

10. worse

 

a) to have pain or difficulties

b) the testing of weapons which produce destructive power

c) the land, water and air that we live in

d) a difficult condition or situation

e) not as good as someone, something

f) a sound that is laud, not expected, unpleasant

g) all the things that happen or exist at a particular time

h) damage to air, water, land etc. from dirt, chemicals, and laud noise 

i) to make someone, the world etc. safe from danger or harm

j) all the animals, plants and rocks in the world

 

IX. Make up the word combinations with the words given below.


 


1.industrial

2.harmful

3.serious

4.deprives

5 million tons

6.have appeared

7.suffer

8.upsets

9.the ozone

10.dangerous

a) measures

b) appeared

c) enterprises

d) of fresh air, clear water and healthy food

e) from radioactivity

f) the oxygen balance

g) of dust and harmful substances

h) for life

i) layer


j) substances

 

 

X. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.

 

1.     The people try to preserve natural resources.

2.     The problem of pollution worries the people of the entire world.

3.     The most people understand the problem of pollution.

4.     The renewable sources of energy such as solar power, wind power are replacing the traditional one.

5.     Not so many people in super cities suffer from polluted environment.

 

XI. Retell the text.

 

 

Topic VII. Places of interest in London

 

        There are a lot of places of interest in London. Among them are. Westminster Abbey, Houses of Parliament, Buckingham Palace, St. Paul's Cathedral, London Bridge,theTowerofLondon.

       WESTMINSTER, now the political centre of London, was until the 11-th century a sacred place. King Edward the Confessor decided to build a great abbey church here. It was constructed in 1065, but a week later the King died and was buried in the abbey. His tomb became a popular place of pilgrimage. It still can be found at the heart of the present Westminster Abbey. William the Conqueror was crowned in the Abbey and since then all coronations have taken place here.

        The Abbey contains many royal tombs, memorials to eminent men and women. But the most popular ones are those to writers, actors and musicians in Poets’Corne.

        Alongside the Abbey Edward the Confessor had a palace built. The Palace of Westminster was the royal residence and also the country's main court of law. Parliament has met here since the 16-th century until the 19-th century.

        The present HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT were built after the old palace was burnt down in 1834. The building contains the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two chambers where parliamentary business is debated. On the corner next to Westminster Bridge stands St. Stephen's Tower, which houses the famous bell, Big Ben, which chimes the hours?

      A light at the top of the tower at night indicates that parliament is in session.
      BUCKINGHAM PALACE is the Queen's official London residence. Built in 1702—5 for the Duke of Buckingham, it was sold in 1761 to George III. The Palace was little used by the royalty until Victoria's accession to the throne in 1837. London's most popular spectacle is Changing the Guard.

    It takes place in the forecourt and lasts about 30 minutes.

ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL is Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece. It stands at the top of Ludgate Hill on a site where a Christian church has stood since the 7-th century. The construction of the Cathedral started in 1675 and was not finished until 1709. The magnificent classical structure is crowned by the dome. Inside the Dome are scenes from the life of St. Paul. Here is the famous Whispering Gallery too. There are many memorials in the Cathedral including those to the heroes such asWellingtonandNelson.

THE TOWER OF LONDON has been closely associated with many important events in English history. It has served as citadel, palace, prison, mint and menagerie. The White Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror to protect the city. The Tower is famous for its illustrious prisoners, such as Sir Thomas More and Guy Fawkes. Many notable people lost their heads on the executioner's block. The Tower is guarded by the Yeoman Warders popularly known as "Beefeaters", clad in their traditional Tudor uniforms.

 

I. Study the words and word combinations.

sacred- священный

to consecrate- освящать

tomb- могила

pilgrimage-паломничество

to crown- короновать

eminent-выдающийся, знаменитый

coronation-коронация

royal-королевский

Changing the Guards-смена караула

site-место,площадка

William the conqueror- Вильгельм Завоеватель

mint- монетный двор

menagerie-зверинец

illustrious-знаменитый, известный, прославленный

block-плаха

Yeoman Warder-страж Тауэра

 

 

II. Answer the questions to the text.

1. When was Westminster Abbey consecrated? Who was crowned there?

2. What is Poet’s Corner?

3. When were the present Houses of Parliament built? What does the building contain?

4. What is the Queen’s official London residence? Who bought the Buckingham Palace in 1761?

5. What is Sir Christopher Wren’s masterpiece? How long was the Cathedral constructed? What is there inside the Dome of St. Paul Cathedral?
6. When was the Tower of London built? What is the Tower of London famous for?

 

III. Read and translate the international words.

Tourist, prestige, glamour, photographs, fountain, personal, photo album, station, memorial, uniform,

 

IV. Translate the names of places.

Westminster station, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Big Ben, Parliament Street,  National Gallery,  Nelson’s Column, Trafalgar Square, James Park, Buckingham Palace, Victoria station, Jubilee line, Hyde Park, Marble Arch, Albert Memorial, Kensington Gardens.

 

V. Translate the word combinations.

To see them up close and personal, the famous clock tower, a long line of monarchs, a host of tourist attractions, to explore the bird sanctuary, most famous comedy clubs, the royal residence

 

 

VI. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

(History, places , capital, takes place, can see, the bird sanctuary,

can be found, glamour, )

 

1. England’s enigmatic ___ is blessed with___, prestige and___ .

2. The most famous and prestigious ___ in London ___around Westminster

3. The parade ____ on alternate days at 11.30am.

4. Gain entrance to Hyde Park through Marble Arch and explore ___.

5. Here you ___the changing of the Guards.

 

 

VII. Match the sentence halves.

1. Cross Tower Bridge and you will find the Tower of London … 

2. The most famous and prestigious places in London can be found …

3. England’s enigmatic capital is …

4. Take the Circle or District lines to Westminster station and you will be delivered 5. The Camden Locks is also home to Jongleurs

 

a) around Westminster.

b) blessed with history, prestige and glamour.

c) to the doorstep of Parliament, home to the famous clock tower, Big Ben.

d) one of England’s most famous comedy clubs.

e) where you can learn about its fascinating history.

 

 

VIII. Mark sentences True (T) or False (F).

 

1. Yet London isn’t so vast and busy, it’s not easy to squeeze everything into your visit. Below are the top five hotspots where you will find the most famous sites for your photo album.

2. A day in Knightsbridge will take you to some of London’s hotspots that crop up in conversation more than they do on film.

3. On Brompton Road by Knightsbridge underground station you will not find the most famous of London’s stores, Harrods.

4. Across the Kensington Gore you will find the Royal Albert Hall.

5. Below are the top five hotspots where you will find the most famous sites for your photo album.

 

IX. Mach the words with the definitions.

 

1.attraction

2.exellent

3.exhibition

4.famous

5.fascinating

6.variety

7.palace

8.building

9.typical

10.bargin

 

a) someone, a building, etc. known to a lot of people.

b) a lot of different ones.

c) something that is extremely interesting, especially because you are learning something new.

d) a house where a king or queen lives or lived.

e) describes something that is very good or enjoyable, or of a very high standard.

f) a house, office, church, etc. that people can go into.

g) something that people want to look at because it is interesting or pleasant.

h) something you buy for less than its usual price

i) someone or something with the usual qualities and features.

j) a collection of things in a place so that people can look at them.

 

X. Replace highlighted words with synonyms.

 

1. England’s enigmatic capital is blessed with history, prestige and glamour.

2. There are so many attractions to see in London it's difficult for tourists to fit everything in during their stay.

3. Neighboring the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey where a long line of monarchs and some of the country’s most esteemed wordsmiths are buried.

4. On Brompton Road by Knightsbridge underground station you will find the most famous of London’s stores, Harrods.

5. Cross Tower Bridge and you will find the Tower of London where you can learn about its fascinating and chequered history.

 

 

XI. Say a few words about the places of interest in London.

 

XII. Enumerate the most popular places in London and describe them.

 

Topic VIII. Customs and Traditions in England

Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind. The English are reputed to be cold, reserved, rather haughty people. They are steady, easy-going and fond of sports. There are certain kinds of behavior, manners and customs which are peculiar to England.  The English are naturally polite and are never tired of saying < Thank you > and < I am sorry >. They are generally disciplined; you never hear loud talk in the street. They don't rush for seats in buses and trains, but they take their seats in queues at bus stops. English people do not shake hands when meeting one another; they do not show their emotions even in tragic situations. They seem to remain good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.

The English are a nation of stay-at-homes. There is no place like home. The Englishman says < My house is my castle > because he doesn't wish his doings to be overlooked by his neighbors. It is true that English people prefer small houses, built for one family. The fire is the focus of the English Home. Other nations go out to cafes or cocktail bars. The fireplace is the natural centre of interest in the room. They like to sit round the fire and watch the dancing flames, exchanging the day's experience. In many houses you will still see fireplaces, sometimes with columns on each side and a shelf above it on which there is often a clock or a mirror or photos.

The love of gardens is deep-rooted in the British people. Most men's conversations are about gardens. It may be a discussion of the best methods of growing cucumbers, a talk about the plot which differs from all the others. The British like growing plants in a window-box outside the kitchen or in the garden near the house. They love flowers very much.

Britain is a nation of animal lovers. They have about five million dogs, almost as many cats, 3 million parrots and other cage birds, aquarium fish - and 1 million exotic pets such as reptiles. In Britain they have special dog shops selling food, clothes and other things for dogs. There are dog hair-dressing saloons and dog cemeteries. In Britain pets can send Christmas cards to their friends, birthday cards. Owners can buy for their pets jeweled nylon collars, lambs wool coat for a dog, lace-trimmed panties, nightgowns, pyjamas, and so on. There are special animal hotels at the airports. The English people believe that they are the only nation on the earth that is really kind to its animals.

There are some traditions concerning food. English cooking is heavy, substantial and plain. The Englishman likes a good breakfast. To him a good breakfast means porridge with fish, bacon and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. It is the same day to day. The English like their toast cold.

Tea is part of the prose of British life, as necessary as potatoes and bread. The midday meal is called lunch. This meal consists on week- days of stew, fried fish, chops, liver or sausages, vegetables. Rice and macaroni are seldom served. Then goes an apple tart, or hot milk pudding. Sunday dinner is a special occasion, it is a joint of beef or lamb with vegetables. Then goes a large heavy pudding with custard. From 4 to 6 there is a very light meal called 5 o'clock tea. It is a snack of thin bread and butter and cups of tea with small cakes. This became a kind ritual. At this time everything stops for tea. Dinner (usually at 6 p.m.) is much like lunch and is in many families the last meal of the day. Supper is a snack of bread and cheese and cocoa. The English have a popular specialty known as fish and chips. They are bought at special fish and chips shops.

I. Study the words and word combinations.

Haughty-надменно      Substantial-надежный      

Cheerful-бодрый         Behavior-поведение

II. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Describe manners and customs which are peculiar to English people?

2. What does the Proverb “No place like home” for English people means?

3. What can you say about British people as a nation of animal lovers?

4. Speak about the traditions that connected with food.

 

III. Read and translate the international words.

 

     Public, religious, festivals, traditions, personal, enthusiastically, characterized, correspondent, procession, parade.

 

 

VI. Translate the word combinations.

 

Public holidays, for the greater part of the population, religious significance,  according to the local custom, family traditions and personal taste, undying love or satirical comment,  domestic servants, doggerel rhymes.

 

 

V. Complete the sentences given below.

 

      (Celebrate, greets, enthusiastically, according, spectacular, traditions, celebration,

      characterized, the eating of pancakes. )

1. In England the New Year is not as widely or as ____ observed as Christmas.

2. Irish and Irish Americans celebrate the day.

3. London ___ the spring, and its early visitors, with a truly Easter Parade

in Battersea Park on Easter Sunday each year.

4. In medieval times the day was characterized by merrymaking and feasting, a

relic of which is the eating of pancakes.

5. Many others, however, do ___ it in one way or another, the type of celebration varying very much ___to the local custom, family traditions and personal taste.

 

VI. Match the sentence halves.

 

1. St. Patrick is…

2. London greets...

3. Besides public holidays,...

4. It is sponsored ...

5. Mothering Sunday was established as a holyday for these girls…

a) the spring.

b) there are other festivals, anniversaries.

c) the patron of Ireland.

d) by the London Tourist Board.

e) as a holyday for these girls.

 

VII. Mark sentences True ( T ) or False ( F ).

 

1. There are only six public holidays a year in Great Britain.

2. Good Friday and Easter Monday depend on Easter Sunday which falls on the first Sunday after a full moon on or after March 24st.

3. Mothers’ Day is traditionally observed on the first Sunday in Lent (the Church season of penitence beginning on Ash Wednesday.

4. Irish and Irish Americans celebrate St. Patrick day.

5. Pancake Day isn’t the popular name for Shrove Tuesday.

 

VIII. Match the words with the definitions.

 

1. holiday

2. celebration

3. guest

4. spectacular

5. relaxing

6. festival

7. custom

8. comment

9. picnic

 

a) a social occasion when you eat with the friends in the countryside

b) to give an opinion about something

c) describes an activity that you enjoy and that makes you feel comfortable or able to rest

d) a period of time when you do not work or study, especially when you travel somewhere and have fun

e) a day or time when people celebrate something, or when there are many films, shows, etc.

f) an occasion when people celebrate something

g) something that someone does as a habit or as part of a tradition

h) someone who you invite to your home, party

i) describes something that is very beautiful, exciting

  

IX. Make up word combinations with the words given below.

1. exchange

2. eating

3. satirical

4. public

5. national

6. domestic

7. take

8. local

9. ordinary

10. family

 

a)     servants

b)    custom

c)     working day

d)     part

e)     comment

f)      holiday

g)     traditions

h)     holidays

i)       greeting

j)       of pancakes

 

IX. Speak about “Customs and traditions in Great Britain.”

 

X. Make up the plan to the text and retell it according to the plan.

 

Topic IX. Computers in modern life

Computers are electronic machines that can be programmed to do a huge number of different tasks. In homes, schools and offices, they are used to produce documents, create designs, and make calculations, store lists and search for information. In factories, computers operate tools microwave and robot arms. There are even computers inside washing machines and ovens.

Computers work by processing data. Data is information. It can be numbers, words, pictures, and sounds- in fact, almost any sort of information. As the computer operates, it follows instructions stored in electronic memory. These instructions are called a program. The reason a computer can do so many different jobs is that the program can be changed easily. This means that the same computer can be a word processor, an encyclopedia, or a powerful mathematical calculator.

 Nearly everything we do in the world is helped, or even controlled by computers. Computers are used more and more often in the world today because they are far more efficient than human beings. They have much better memory and can store a huge amount of information.

Just as television has extended human sight across the barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the existing barriers.

Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in hard disk. Now scientists have designed machines which are capable to learn from experience and remember what they have learnt. Such a machine is capable to recognize objects without human help or control.

The Internet is a global collection of different type computer networks that are linked together. Some refer to the Internet as the information superhighway. The Internet enables a person to exchange information with other computer users from any place of the world. The final destination may be in different cities or countries.

It also offers a rapidly growing collection of information, with topics ranging from medicine to science and technology. It features exhaustive material about arts as well as research material for students and coverage of recreation, entertainment, sports, shopping, and employment opportunities. The Internet provides access to almanacs, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and maps.

I. Study the words and word combinations.

to invent – изобретать, выдумывать     descendant – потомок

no man alive – никто                              to predict – предсказывать

to associate – связываться                        to imagine – представлять, воображать

 search – поиск                                           reduce – снижать, уменьшать

 

I. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. Who invented the first calculating machine?

2. Why are computers used more and more often in the world?

3. Do computers help students in studies?

4. What applications of computers do you know?

5. What can you say about advantages and disadvantages of computers?

 

III. Read and translate the international words.

Machines, offices, robot, information, calculator, instructions, electronic, mathematical, situation, second, factories, to control, history, literature, microfiche.

 

IV. Translate the word combinations.

 

Electronic machines, different tasks, a huge number, produce documents, create designs, make calculations, store lists, electronic memory, the complicated descendants, controlled by a computer, putting them on microfiche, foreign magazines, in many ways.

 

 

V. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

 

(create, store , compose, produce, memories, world, processing, associate, control ,information, make, search.)

1. Computers work by ___ data.

2. Computers are used to ___ documents, ___ designs, ___ calculations, ___ lists and ___for information.

3. They have much better ____ and they can store much____.

4. They can ____ machines in factories, or ____ music.

5. Many people ___ computers with the ____of science and match.

 

 

VI. Match the sentence halves.

 

1. In the library it is now possible for a student…

2. There are even computers …

3. Computers are electronic machines …

4. No man alive can do 500 000 sums in one second …

5. Computers work …

 

a) inside washing machines and ovens.

b) but a computer can.

c) to find a book or article he needs very quickly.

d) by processing data.

e) that can be programmed to do a huge number of different tasks.

 

 

VII. Mark sentences True (T) or False (F).

 

1. In homes, schools and offices computers are used to produce documents, create designs, make calculations, store lists and search for information.

2. They cannot control machines in factories, or compose music.

3. They have much better memories and they can store much information.

4. They can do 500 000 sums in one second.

5. Computers can help us in many ways. 

 

 

VIII. Match the words with the definitions.

 

1. cable

2. computer

3. multimedia

4. data

5. breakthrough

6. benefit

7. output

8. quality

 

a)  information

b) the amount that a person, machine or factory produced

c) an important scientific or industrial discovery

d) a kind of strong metal rope made by twisting wires together

e) how good or bad something is

f) using different methods of communications

g) an electronic machine that can store and provide a lot of information

h) an advantage

 

IX. Make up word combinations with the words given below.

 

1. complicated                   a) calculations

 

2. human                           b) for information

3. processing                     c) descendants

4. make                              d) data

5. search                            e) beings


 

X. Replace highlighted words with synonyms.

1. In factories, computers operate tools microwave and robot arms.

2. So computers can help us in many ways.   

3. The reason a computer can do so many different jobs is that the program can be changed easily.

4. Many people associate computers with the world of science and match.

 

XI. Writing an opinion piece.

Write an essay on the theme: “Computers- a great invention?”

Use the paragraph summaries below:

1.     Write an introduction

2.     Write two or three advantages

3.     Write two or three disadvantages

4.     Write a conclusion- decide if you think computers are a great invention or not.

Use the following expressions: (first, firstly, secondly, thirdly, on the other hand, for instance, also, in conclusion, to sum up, I think.)

XII. Retell the text.

 

Topic X. The Internet

Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that interchange data by packet switching. It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope. They are linked by copper wires, fiber- optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. The Internet carries various information resources and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and file sharing, online gaming, and the inter-linked hypertext documents and other resources of the world wide web (WWW).

The complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers. They control various aspects of the architecture. While the hardware can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet.

The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and Web applications. The Internet can now be accessed virtually anywhere by numerous means. Mobile phones, data cards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a cellular network supporting that device's technology.

The Internet allows computer users to connect to other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of security, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements.

This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working book keepers, in other remote locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private leased lines would have made many of them infeasible in practice.

I. Study the words and word combinations.

interconnected – взаимосвязанный

to switchпереключать, выключатель

wireless- беспроводный

copper- медь

distinction- различие, отличие

to console- утешать

to impose – облагать, навязывать

remote – отдаленный

rigorousстрогий, суровый

 

II. Answer the questions to the text.

 

1. What does the word “Internet” mean?

2. What can the Internet do?

3. Where can the Internet be accessed now?

4. What information does the Internet provide us with?

5. What does the complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of?

 

III. Read and translate the international words.

System, standardized, protocol public, academic, business, technologies, resources, term, communication, infrastructure, collection, aspects, architecture, characterizes, numerous, technology, industries, specialist, authentication.

 

III. Translate the word combinations.

A global system, by packet switching, linked by copper wires, fiber- optic cables, wireless  connections, various information resources, hypertext documents, hypertext documents, hardware components , a system of software layers, to support other software systems,, the rigorous standardization process, unmetered high-speed connections, a pocket-sized device, charges for data access, to connect to other computers, without the use of security, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements, ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries, in other remote locations, the widespread use of the Internet.

 

IV. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

(means, allows, collection, accessed, world wide web, carries, connect, linked,)

 

1. The Internet can now be ____ virtually anywhere by numerous____

2. The Internet___ computer users to ___to other computers and information stores easily.

3. It is a ____ of interconnected documents and other resources ____ by hyperlinks.

4. However, the Internet and ____ the are not one and the same.

5. The Internet ___ various information resources and services.

 

 

V. Match the sentence halves.

1. Mobile phones, data cards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers…

2. The Internet carries various information resources and services…

3. . An accountant sitting at home can…

4. The Internet can now…

5. Internet is …

a) such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and file sharing.

b) audit the books of a company based in another country.

c) be accessed virtually anywhere by numerous means.

d) allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere.

e) a global system of interconnected computer networks.

 

VI. Mark sentences True (T) or False (F).

 

1 The Internet and World Wide Web they are one and the same.

2. There is a cellular network supporting devices technology.

3. The Internet carries various information resources and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and file sharing, online gaming, and the inter-linked hypertext documents and other resources of the World Wide Web.

4 Within the limitations imposed by the small screen and other limited facilities of such a pocket-sized device, all the services of the Internet, including email and web browsing, can’t be available in this way.

5. The Internet is a global data communications system.

 

VII. Match the words with the definition.

 

1. machinery

2. produce

3. create

4. instructions

5. situation

6. electronic

7. reason

8. computer

9. magazine

10. memory

 

a) the ability to remember

b) to make or grow something

c) describes any machine process,

d) machines used to produce things

e) thin book with a paper cover inside and many pictures inside

f) that uses electricity to work many detailed instructions that are inside on a very small piece of material

g) to make something happen or exist

h) all the things that happen or exist at a particular time.

i) information about how to do something.

j) the fact that explains why.

 

 

VIII. Make up word combinations from words given below.

 


1. electronic

2. processing

3. human

4. compose

5. store

6. modern

7. simple

8. translate

9. different

10. electronic

a) data

b) beings

c) music

d) world

e) information

f) memory

g) articles

h) reason

i) machines

j)task

 

IX. Speak about:

1.     The application of electronics in our everyday life.

2.     The Internet and its influence on our daily life

  

Topic XI. The Sources of Energy

Most of our energy comes from fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas. Although the supplies of these fossil fuels are vast, they are not unlimited. And more important, the earth's atmosphere and biosphere may not survive the environmental impact of burning such enormous amounts of these fuels. Carbon stored over millions of years is being released in a matter of decades, disrupting the earth's carbon cycle in unpredictable ways.

But fossil fuels are not the only source of energy, and burning fuel is not the only way to produce heat and motion. Renewable energy offers us a better way. Some energy sources are "renewable" because they are naturally replenished, because they can be managed so that they last forever, or because their supply is so enormous that they can never be meaningfully depleted by humans. Moreover, renewable energy sources have much smaller environmental impacts than fossil and nuclear fuels.

Biomass energy, from plants, is a rich source of carbon and hydrogen, and one that can be used within the natural carbon cycle. Fast-growing plants, such as switch grass and willow and poplar trees, can be harvested as "power crops." Biomass wastes, including forest residues, lumber and paper mill waste, crop wastes, garbage, and landfill and sewage gas, can be used to produce heat, transportation fuels, and electricity, while at the same time reducing environmental burdens.

Solar energy, power from the sun, is free and inexhaustible. Converting sunlight into useful forms is not free, but the fuel is. Sunlight has been used by humans for drying crops and heating water and buildings for millennia. A The present day technology is photovoltaic’s, which turns sunlight directly into electricity.

Wind power is another ancient energy source that has moved into the modern era. Advanced aerodynamics research has developed wind turbines that can produce electricity at a lower cost than power from polluting coal plants.

Geothermal energy taps into the heat under the earth's crust to boil water. The hot water is then used to drive electric turbines and heat buildings.

Hydroelectric power uses the force of moving water to produce electricity. Hydropower is one of the main suppliers of electricity in the world, but most often in the form of large dams that disrupt habitats and displace people. A better approach is the use of small, "run of the river" hydro plants.

Coal is the largest source of fuel for electricity production, and also the largest source of environmental harm.  Coal provides 54 percent of the US electricity supply.

Oil is used primarily for transportation fuels, but also for power production, heat and as a feedstock for chemicals.  The US imports over half of the oil we use, more than ever before.

Natural gas is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel, used mostly for space and water heating in buildings and running industrial processes.  Increasingly, natural gas is used in turbines to produce electricity.

Nuclear power harnesses the heat of radioactive materials to produce steam for power generation.  Nuclear power provides about 21 percent of US power, but is expected to decline as old plants retire.

 

I. Study the words and word combinations.

Disrupting -нарушать, нарушающий

Inexhaustible- неисчерпаемый

Poplar tree-тополь

Transportation- транспортировка, транспортный

Willow tree-ива

 

 

II. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Which is the widely applied method of producing energy?

2. What kind of sources of energy do you know?

3. What can you say about the solar energy?

4. What do we use the Biomass energy for?

5. Which energy uses the force of moving water to produce electricity?

6. Where can oil be used?

7. What can you say about coal, natural gas as the source of energy?

 

III. Read and translate the international words.

 

Energy, biomass, energy policy, balance, economically, technology, silicon module, photovoltaic, production, fiscal, macro-economic, accelerating, publication, strategy, regulatory, investment.

 

 

IV. Translate the word combinations.

 

Renewable energy, solar power and biomass, energy balance, to improve the security of energy supply, to be economically competitive, conventional energy sources, thermal  applications, looking at the various sector markets, rapidly improving fiscal and economic environment, to double the share of renewable energies, include internal market measures in the regulatory and fiscal spheres, facilitate investment and enhance dissemination.

 

 

V. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

 

(Renewable, reducing, need, wind energy, fiscal, to improve, support, thermal, features, competitive, sources,)

1. It also helps ___ the security of energy supply by ____the Community's growing dependence on imported energy___.
2. ____energy sources are expected to be economically ___with conventional energy sources.

3. The ___ for Community ____ for Renewable Energy is clear.

4. The main ____ of the Action Plan include internal market measures in the regulatory and ___spheres.

5. Several of the technologies, especially ___ but also small - scale hydro power  energy from biomass, and ___applications.

 

 

VI. Match the sentence halves.

 

1. The others, especially photovoltaic (silicon module panels directly generating electricity from the sun’s light rather than heat), depend only on (how rapidly) …

2. The development of renewable energy - particularly energy from wind, water, solar power and biomass …

3. Increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy balance …

4. In fact, looking at the various sector markets in early 2003, it is probably not over-optimistic to conclude that the lion’s share of remaining market resistance to renewable penetration relates…

5. Several of the technologies, especially wind energy but also small - scale hydro power energy from biomass, and thermal applications, …

 

a) is a central aim of the European Commission's energy policy.

b) enhances sustainability.

c) are economically viable and competitive.

d) to factors other than economic viability.

e) increasing demand and thus production volume to achieve the economy of scale necessary for competitiveness with central generation.

 

 

VII. Mark sentences True (T) or False (F).

1. Renewable energy is energy from wind, water, solar power and biomass.

2. Wind power provides 54 percent of the US electricity supply.

3. But fossil  f uels are  the only source of energy.

4. Nuclear power is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel, used mostly for space and water heating in buildings and running industrial processes.

5. Hydroelectric power is used primarily for transportation fuels.

 

 

VIII. Match the words with the definition.

 

1. community

2. energy

3. source

4. discovery

5. reliable

6. scale

7. market

8. improve

9. support

10. purpose

 

a)     the strength and desire that makes you want to do many activities.

b)    A reason for doing something

c)     A place where you can buy or sell good.

d)    The people who live in a particular area, especially people with some religion or from the same race.

e)     A set of regular marks to size.

f)      To say that you agree with someone or an idea.

g)     To become better in a quality.

h)     Something or someone you can trust.

i)       A piece of information, a place that someone discovers.

j)       That with supplies signal power to a transducer or system.

 


 

IX. Make up word combinations.

 

1. renewable

2. main

3. to improve

4. enhance

5. fisical

6. energy

7. to facilitate

8. long

9. an important

10. proposals

 

 

 

 

a) balance

b) investment

c) features

d) for strengthening

e) role

f) dissemination

g) the security

h) energy

i) spheres

j) term

 


 

 

X. Speak about: “The new sources of energy”. Use the following expressions for your topic: (to improve the security of energy supply, hydro power, energy from biomass, support measures, renewable energy, domestic energy consumption, thermal application, internal market measures.)

 

 

 

Topic XII. Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century

 

Speaking on behalf of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), astronaut/engineer Neil Armstrong today announced 20 engineering achievements that have had the greatest impact on quality of life in the 20th century. The announcement was made during National Engineers Week 2000 at a National Press Club luncheon. As we look at engineering breakthroughs selected by the National Academy of Engineering, we can see that if any one of them were removed, our world would be very different - and much less hospitable place.  Engineering is all around us, so people often take it for granted, like air and water. Ask yourself, what do I touch that is not engineered? Engineering develops and delivers consumer goods, builds the networks of highways, air and rail travel, and the Internet, mass produces antibiotics, creates artificial heart valves, builds lasers, and offers such wonders as imaging technology and conveniences like microwave ovens and compact discs. In short, engineers make our quality of life possible.

The process for choosing the greatest achievements began in the fall of 1999, when the National Academy of Engineering, an autonomous non-profit organization of outstanding engineers founded under the congressional charter that established the National Academy of Sciences, invited discipline-specific professional engineering societies to nominate up to ten achievements. The overarching criterion used was that those advancements had made the greatest contribution to the quality of life in the past 100 years. Even though some of the achievements, such as the telephone and the automobile, were invented in the 1800s, they were included because their impact on society was felt in the 20th century.

The Achievements

Here is the complete list of achievements as announced today by Mr. Armstrong:

1. Electrification - the vast networks of electricity that power the developed world.

2. Automobile - revolutionary manufacturing practices made the automobile the world's major mode of transportation by making cars more reliable and affordable to the masses.

3. Airplane - flying made the world accessible, spurring globalization on a grand scale.

4. Safe and Abundant Water - preventing the spread of disease, increasing life expectancy.

5. Electronics - vacuum tubes and, later, transistors that underlie nearly all modern life.

6. Radio and Television - dramatically changed the way the world received information and entertainment.

7. Agricultural Mechanization - leading to a vastly larger, safer, less costly food supply.

8. Computers - the heart of the numerous operations and systems that impact our lives.

9. Telephone - changing the way the world communicates personally and in business.

10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration - beyond convenience, it extends the shelf life of food and medicines, protects electronics, and plays an important role in health care delivery.

11. Interstate Highways - 44,000 miles of U.S. highway allowing goods distribution and personal access.

12. Space Exploration - going to outer space vastly expanded humanity's horizons and introduced 60,000 new products on Earth.

13. Internet - a global communications and information system of unparalleled access.

14. Imaging Technologies - revolutionized medical diagnostics.

15. Household Appliances - eliminated strenuous, laborious tasks, especially for women.

16. Health Technologies - mass production of antibiotics and artificial implants led to vast health improvements.

17. Petroleum and Gas Technologies - the fuels that energized the 20th century.

18. Laser and Fiber Optics - applications are wide and varied, including almost simultaneous worldwide communications, non-invasive surgery, and point-of-sale scanners.

19. Nuclear Technologies - from splitting the atom, we gained a new source of electric power.            

          20. High Performance Materials - higher quality, lighter, stronger, and more       adaptable.

I. Study words and word combination.

impact – удар, столкновение, влияние, воздействие

announcement – объявление, сообщение

break - through – крупное достижение, прорыв

hospitable – гостеприимный, радушный

afford – позволять себе, предоставлять

spur – стимул, побуждение

expectation - ожидание

entertainment – развлечение, удовольствие

implant – насаждать, внедрять

expand – расширяться, увеличиваться

 

II. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What did Nail Armstrong announce?

2. What role do these achievements play in the development of economics and culture?

3. What made automobile the world's major mode of transportation?

4. What is made the world accessible, spurring globalization on a grand scale?

5. How did the world receive information and entertainment changed?

6. What can you say about the importance of Computers, Telephone and Television in our everyday life?

 

III. Read and translate the international words.

Astronaut, engineering, Internet, antibiotic, laser, technology, compact discs, organization, congressional, professional, criterion, telephone, automobile, electrification, revolutionary, transportation, globalization, electronics, mechanization, operations, radio, television, computer, telephone, conditioning, medicine, personal, horizons, communication, laser.

 

IV. Translate the word combinations.

Engineering achievements, to have the greatest impact on quality of life, much less hospitable place, engineering breakthroughs, consumer goods, outstanding engineers, the networks of highways, to create artificial heart valves, spurring globalization, preventing the spread of disease, to underlie nearly all modern life, less costly, food supply, more adaptable, point-of-sale scanners, non-invasive.

 

V. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

(Advancements, changed, applications, surgery, contribution, splitting, electric power, scale, received, accessible,)

1. The overarching criterion used was that those ____ had made the greatest ____ to the quality of life in the past 100 years.

2. Airplane - flying made the world___, spurring globalization on a grand___.

3. Radio and Television - dramatically ___ the way the world ___ information and entertainment.

4. Laser and Fiber Optics - ____ are wide and varied, including almost simultaneous worldwide communications, non-invasive___, and point-of-sale scanners.

5. Nuclear Technologies - from ___ the atom, we gained a new source of ____.

 

VI. Match the sentence halves.

1. Electrification …

2. Health Technologies …

3. Internet …                           

4. High Performance Materials …

5. Agricultural Mechanization …

a) a global communications and information system of unparalleled access.

b) the vast networks of electricity that power the developed world.

c) leading to a vastly larger, safer, less costly food supply.

d) higher quality, lighter, stronger, and more adaptable.

e) mass production of antibiotics and artificial implants led to vast health improvements.

 

VII. Mark sentences True (T) or False (F).

1. Imaging Technologies revolutionized medical diagnostics.

2. Telephone did not change the way the world communicates personally and in business.

3. Safe and Abundant Water prevented the spread of disease, increased life expectancy.

4. The overarching criterion used wasn’t that those advancements had made the greatest contribution to the quality of life in the past 100 years.

5. Internet is a global communications and information system of unparalleled access.

 

VIII. Match the words with the definitions.

1. Technology                                                 6. Communication

2. Society                                                        7. Computer

3. Development                                               8. Internet

4. Travel                                                         9. Telephone

5. Agriculture                                                  10. Air conditioning

a) an electric machine that can store and provide a lot of information

b) the system in a building which makes the air fell fresh and cool.

c) machines and equipment used in industry scientific research

d) the international system that provides information for people using computers anywhere in the world.

e) the people in the country or region and the way they live.

f) piece of equipment you can use to speak to someone who is in another place.

g) the process of a country or region becoming economically organized.

h) process of giving or exchanging information.

i) to make a journey.

j) the work of keeping animals and growing things for food.

 

IX. Enumerate the engineering Achievements of the 20-th Century. Describe them.

X. Speak on the topic: “The part of electronic appliances in our Life”. Use following expressions: ( meet the needs, bring about, by means of, take place, thanks to, the former, the latter, under consideration, it stands to reason..)

 

Topic-XIII Optical fibres

Optical fibres started to replace some uses of copper cables in the 1970s.They are made from glass and are usually about 120 micrometres in diameter. Some of the most common everyday uses are in telecommunications, close-circuit television (CCTV), and cable television.

1. Optical fibres carry signals more efficiently than copper cable and with a mach higher bandwidth. This means that fibres can carry more channels of information over longer distances.

2. Optical fibre cables are much lighter and thinner than copper cables with the same bandwidth. This means less space is needed in underground cabling ducts.

3. It is difficult to steal information from optical fibres. They are not harmed by electromagnetic interference, for example from radio signals or lightning. They don’t ignite so they can be used safely in flammable atmospheres, for example in petrochemical plants.

4. Optical fibres are more expensive per metre than copper. However, one optical fibre can carry many more signals than a single copper cable and the longer transmission distances mean that fewer expensive repeaters are required. Also, copper cable uses more electrical power to deliver the signals.

5. Optical fibres can’t be spliced as easily as copper cable. Employees need special training to handle the expensive splicing and measurement equipment.

I. Read the text and choose the best title, A, B, or C.

A. The history of cabling and telecommunications

B. A short introduction to optical fibres

C. Uses of glass in industry and technology

II. Read the text again and match the headings (A-E) with the paragraphs (1-5).

A. Training and skills                                                        D. Price

B. Size and weight                                                             E. Capacity

C. Security

III. Which paragraphs describe advantages of optical fibres and which describe disadvantages?

IV. Complete the definitions (1-9) below with the highlighted words in the text.

1. A____ is one millionth of a meters. 2. The ___ is the distance across a circle.

3. A____ substance is one that burns easily. 4.___ means joining the ends of two cables together. 5. To___ means to start to burn. 6.___are tubes for carrying cables.7.___is common short way of saying ‘for each’. 8. ___means to touch with your hands. 9. ___means in a way that produces a good result and doesn’t waste time, energy, or resources.

V. Write two advantages and two disadvantages of using optical fibres instead of copper cable. Compare your ideas with the rest of the class.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Список литературы

1.   Oxford Russian Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Third edition

2.   2000. Opportunities.Pre-Intermediate Dictionary. Longman.2004.

 

Contents

Topic One……………………………………………………...3

Topic Two……………………………………………………..6

Topic Three…………………………………………………….9

Topic Four…………………………………………………….13

Topic Five…………………………………………………….16

Topic Six……………………………………………...............21

Topic Seven…………………………………………………..24

Topic Eight……………………………………………………28

Topic Nine…………………………………………………….32

Topic Ten……………………………………………..............30

Topic Eleven…………………………………………………..40

Topic Twelve……………………………………………….44

Topic Thirteen………………………………………………...50