Некоммерческое акционерное общество

АЛМАТИНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ

Кафедра Иностранные языки

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания к выполнению семестровых работ

(для всех специальностей бакалавриата)

Алматы, 2010

СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ: Л.Я.Коробейникова. Английский язык. Методические указания к выполнению семестровых работ (для всех специальностей бакалавриата) –Алматы, АИЭС, 2010.- 49 стр.

Методические указания к самостоятельным работам представляют собой логически структурированную компиляцию практических и контрольно-тестовых заданий, направленных на развитие и совершенствование языковых компетенций знаний студентов технического профиля. Указания могут быть использованы в учебном процессе на различных этапах и по различным специализациям.

Помимо основной контрольной функции настоящие методические указания, имеют целью помочь студенту (в частности, при дистанционном обучении) в его самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков перевода научно-технической литературы, над приобретением умений понимать общее содержание прочитанной статьи на общенаучную тематику.

Указания могут быть использованы в учебном процессе как для работы в аудитории под руководством преподавателя, так и для внеаудиторной деятельности.

Материал представляет несомненный учебно-методический интерес и рекомендуется к изданию.

Введение

Цель обучения. Практическое владение английским языком в неязыковых вузах означает прежде всего умение самостоятельно читать со словарем литературу на английском языке по специальности с тем, чтобы на основе приобретенных в вузе знаний, умений и навыков иметь возможность находить и оценивать полезную для работы информацию, а в случае необходимости переводить тексты или выдержки из них на родной язык.

Настоящие методические указания, помимо основной контрольной функции, имеют целью помочь студенту (в частности, при дистанционном обучении) в его самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков перевода научно-технической литературы, над приобретением умений понимать общее содержание прочитанной статьи на общенаучную тематику без обязательного полного и точного перевода всех предложений.

В течение курса обучения студент должен дополнительно пополнить свой словарный запас на 900-1000 лексических единиц (слов и словосочетаний) специального и общенаучного значения.

Большое значение для расширения запаса слов, необходимого для понимания английских научных текстов без словаря, имеет усвоение системы английского словообразования.

Усвоение и расширение словарного запаса включает также совершенствование умений перевода английских фразеологических оборотов. Студент должен усвоить наиболее употребительные синонимы и антонимы. Работая над текстом, выписывайте в первую очередь слова, необходимые для понимания основного содержания текста и для длительного запоминания. Перед тем как выписывать слово и искать его значение в словаре, установите, какой частью речи оно является.

Помните, что английское слово имеет несколько значений. Отбирайте в словаре подходящее значение, исходя из его грамматической функции и в соответствии с общим содержанием текста.

Оформление самостоятельных работ. Самостоятельные работы выполняйте в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, шифр, номер контрольной работы, ее вариант. Каждое контрольно-практическое задание в данном пособии дается в 10 вариантах. Вариант выбирается по последней цифре номера зачетной книжки. Если номер зачетной книжки оканчивается на 0, то следует выбрать 10 вариант.

Курс обучения предусматривает необходимость выполнения трех самостоятельных работ.

Допускается выполнение работ с использованием компьютера. Однако плагиат в любом виде считается недопустимым и влечет за собой неудовлетворительную оценку.

Самостоятельная работа 1

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить самостоятельную работу № 1, необходимо усвоить основной минимум общественной, общенаучной и специальной лексики и следующие грамматические структуры:

Множественное число имен существительных. Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов. Использование существительного в функции определения.

Основные формы глаголов. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite) Active. Времена группы Continuous. Времена группы Perfect. Порядок слов в утвердительном, вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice). Предлоги (The Prepositions). Функции и перевод it, one и that. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

Необходимый справочный грамматический материал содержится в книге: Орловская И.В., Самсонова И.С., Скумбриева А.И. Учебник английского языка для студентов технических университетов и вузов. М.: изд. МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2000. Могут также использоваться и другие имеющиеся в распоряжении студента справочные и учебные пособия.

Образец выполнения к упр.I

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите грамматическое значение слов, имеющих окончание -s, -‘s, - s’ (часть речи, падеж, число, лицо, время и пр.). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Professor N. lectures on chemistry at our Institute.

Профессор Н. читает лекции по химии в нашем институте.

Lectures - 3-е лицо единственного числа Present Indefinite от глагола to lecture

2. They like our professor’s lectures very much.

Им очень нравятся лекции нашего профессора.

Lectures - множественное число имени существительного a lecture.

Professor’s - имя существительное, притяжательный падеж, единственное число.

Образец выполнения к упр.II.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите в каждом из них видовременную форму (грамматическое время глагола-сказуемого и залог). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The student making the experiment is the best one in this group.

Студент, выполняющий эксперимент, лучший в этой группе.

Is - Present Indefinite, Active.

2. We were speaking about this experiment when he came.

Мы говорили об этом эксперименте, когда он пришел.

Were speaking – Past Continuous, Active.

3. These experiments have just been started.

Эти эксперименты только что начались.

Have been started - Present Perfect Passive.

Внимательно читайте задания, выполняйте их в точности.

Желаем успеха.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите грамматическое значение слов, имеющих окончание -s, -‘s, - s’ (часть речи, падеж, число, лицо, время - cм. образец выполнения.). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. His group designs electrical equipment for plants.

2. What is your friend’s profession?

3. She wants to improve her technical knowledge.

4. The students making good progress get state grants.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите в каждом из них видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. Не tries to solve this difficult problem.

2. This kind of computers will be equipped with a disc file of high capacity.

3. We were speaking about this experiment when he came.

4. Radiocommunication network can also be used to control the operation of power systems, gas and oil pipelines.

5. Knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis of engineering training.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения прилагательных и/или наречий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The more you read, the more you know.

2. The student must be more attentive at the lectures.

3. This is the simplest way to install the device.

4. The higher the voltage, the higher is the electron velocity.

IV. a) Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода сказуемого в пассивном залоге.

1. Newspapers are delivered regularly.

2. A new program will be developed in the near future.

3. The engineers were given the task to test the device.

4. New Metro lines are being built in Almay now.

5. New types of integrated circuits have been developed lately.

b) Преобразуйте предложения, употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный:

1. People widely use electronic devices.

2. Solar batteries generate electricity.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. It is dark here. Please, turn on the light.

2. One can easily understand why the profession of an engineer requires special college training.

3. It is, probably, the growth of industrialization that is changing the climate of the planet.

4. It took five years to develop this machine.

5. Computers are devices that are capable of very rapid and accurate calculations.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1. We cannot imagine our civilization without electricity.

2. A lot of problems had to be solved before the conference.

3. They will be able to prove feasibility of their proposal.

4. You may use these devices in your research work.

5. The atom is a great force that must be used for the good of mankind.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Universities in Great Britain

Students from any part of Great Britain and Northern Ireland can be admitted to any of the Universities.

Universities operate under royal charters and have complete academic freedom: they decide which students to admit, what, and how to teach, which degrees to award and on what conditions. All universities receive grants recommended by the University Grants Committee. There are thirty-six universities in England and Wales, eight in Scotland and two in Northern Ireland.

The University of London is by far the largest conventional university. It has some 40,500 full-time students. The Universities of Wales, Cambridge, Leeds and Manchester each has over 10,000 full-time students in the academic year.

Most undergraduates in Great Britain are taking courses of three years duration.

Universities are centres of research as well as teaching. Post-graduate students in Great Britain are doing research for higher degrees, usually doctorates.

Applications from prospective students for admission to first-degree courses at universities are submitted through the Universities' Central Council on Admission (UCCA). When completing an application, a candidate can list up to five universities or colleges, in order of preference. UCCA sends a copy to each of the universities, or colleges, the applicant has named. Each university selects its own students; the UCCA system does not interfere with this autonomy. Applicants for post-graduate studies apply directly to the university.

The college system at Oxford and Cambridge is unlike that of any other university, whether in Britain or America.

The university is like a federation of colleges. The university arranges courses, the lectures, and the examinations, and awards the degrees. No lectures are compulsory and tutors usually advise their students which lectures they should go to. Tutors are responsible for students' progress.

Each college has its own completely separate living quarters, its own dining hall and its own chapel. Cambridge has three women's colleges, Oxford — five. Today many of the men's colleges are coeducational.

At most universities an honours degree is taken in one main subject and one secondary subject. A general degree is taken in a variety of subjects, but carries less weight than an honours degree. If students pass their final exam, they get a degree marked First, Second or Third Class. Oxford offers a Fourth Class. Few students get First Class degrees, so these are a valuable qualification for a job. Students with any class of degree become Bachelors of Arts or Science. If they want to go a step further and become Master of Arts or Science, they have to write an original paper, or thesis, on some subject. Graduates who get degrees in engineering, technology, medicine, or maths are almost certain of getting a good job. But the majority of undergraduates still prefer arts subjects or the social sciences.

Notes to the text:

Royal charter – королевская хартия (закон); full-time student – студент дневного отделения; to submit – представлять на рассмотрение; tutor – руководитель группы студентов; honours degree – диплом с отличием.

VIII. Из последнего абзаца текста выпишите предложение с модальным глаголом.

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите грамматическое значение слов, имеющих окончание -s, -‘s, -s’ (часть речи, падеж, число, лицо, время и пр. - cм. образец выполнения.). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Television plays an important role in our life.

2. The application of powerful relays makes it possible to watch all programs.

3. The driver's work is very difficult.

4. The University consists of 24 different colleges.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите в каждом из них видовременную форму сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The new equipment will arrive next mouth.

2. They speak about these methods at every conference.

3. The chief engineer gave the detailed description of the speed indicator.

4. New types of integrated circuits have been developed lately.

5. At present solar energy is being studied by many researcers.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения прилагательных и/или наречий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This is the easiest way to solve this problem.

2. The advantages of this device are less obvious.

3. The new TV set is more reliable than the old one.

4. The higher the temperature, the more rapid is the motion of the molecules.

1. These methods will be applied in new experiments.

2. Now the portable TV cameras are used everywhere.

3. It is known that the area around London was inhabited by the Celts.

4. The first television center was put into operation in the middle of the last century.

5. Laws are usually discussed before they are adopted.

b) Преобразуйте предложения, употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный:

1. Electronic devices control operation of power stations.

2. Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrating devices in 1958.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. It was Gagarin who was the first man to orbit the Earth.

2. The problem that has become the most important one is the problem of pollution.

3. It is found that the labour of a man with secondary education is 108 per cent more effective than that of a man without that education.

4. That the Earth is round was unknown for a long time.

5. The experimental technique was similar to that described previously.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1. We must be very attentive while experimenting.

2. You may enter the laboratory without permission.

3. Naturally, this circuit can be modified if necessary

4. The scientist had to stop the experiment.

5. The students are to study the main laws of physics.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Ecological Problems of Big Cities

Nowadays ecological problems have become one of the most important and the most urgent ones for the mankind. The pollution of the environment is one of the factors which determines the health of population. The pollution of air, water and soil results in the growth of general and occupational diseases, in the decrease of the work efficiency and other factors. That is why people are worried more and more about the environment.

Today industrial enterprises pollute the atmosphere with million tons of dust and other harmful emissions. Many cities suffer from smog. Automobile transport is one of the main sources of atmospheric pollution. The number of cars and lorries is growing all the time. Traffic in cities is getting worse and worse and it results in an increase of air pollution. In this respect Almaty is one of the most polluted cities in Kazakhstan.

There are over 150 super cities in the world with population from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities which have become super cities.

People in the super cities suffer from polluted environment: bad water, bad air and noise. A new term, urban climate, is used now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive atmosphere and intensive smog.

Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect the big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) studied air pollution around the world for over eight years. It measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (S0₂) in the air and the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.

In the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most considerable level of C0₂ in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago and Sao Paulo.

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголом в Present Simple Active и Present Simple Passive.

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите грамматическое значение слов, имеющих окончание -s, -‘s, -s’ (часть речи, падеж, число, лицо, время - cм. образец выполнения). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We see great changes in our society.

2. The engineer’s invention was very important.

3. The institute provides students with methodical instructions in all subjects.

4. The heat causes breakdown of tubes and other circuit elements that are very sensitive to this influence.

5. The transmitter transmits sounds and the receiver receives them.

1. They discussed one of the most important problems of communication.

2. Solar cells will provide electric power.

3. All metals conduct electricity.

4. Telescopes are being used since their invention.

5. Achievements in the field of solid-state physics research have caused a revolution in radio electronics.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий и переведите их на русский язык:

1. Computers have become more powerful.

2. A laser beam is a thousand million times brighter than sunlight.

3. The larger the water pipe is the more water passes through it.

4. The British Museum is one of the most extensive and valuable museums in West Europe.

5. Less than 5,000 people live in the City of London, while more than half a million come here to work in the daytime.

1. This theory has been used for analyzing the experimental data.

2. These mechanisms are protected from corrosion.

3. The specialist will be offered to continue his work.

4. A new type of computing equipment is being produced at the plant.

5. Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table is spoken of as one of the greatest discoveries of the 19^th century.

b) Преобразуйте предложения, употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный:

1. Electronics has extended man’s intellectual power.

2. They invited some famous specialists to the conference.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. It has become evident that ecological problems can be solved only on the global level.

2. The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones.

3. One must be very careful while operating this machine.

4. It is the development of robots that will solve some very complex problems of industry.

5. You know that light waves pass through glass more easily than heat waves.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1.We may say every matter possesses energy.

2.Without a computer scientists will not be able to solve complicated problems.

3.The two ends cannot have the same polarity.

4.I had to take part in the meeting yesterday.

5.Scientists could not discover the secret of the atom for a long time.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Multimedia

Multimedia is any computer application that integrates text, graphics, animation, video, audio or other methods of communication. Multimedia is different from television, books or cassettes because it lets you interact with the application. You can click on a word to make a picture appear, or click on a picture to start a video.

Multimedia became more popular after the mid-1990s when the price of hardware began to fall. Then people started using it in industry, business, education, entertainment and for other purposes. Today, we can find multimedia at home, in school, at work, in public places, such as libraries, and on the Internet.

In business, advertisers use virtual reality in multimedia applications to advertise their products in three dimensions (3-D). Using multimedia for graphs and tables is now the best way for managers to present company results. In industry, pilots learn to fly using multimedia simulations of real situations, and scientists simulate experiments with dangerous chemicals in safety. Publishers are also producing interactive magazines, called e-zines, and e-books online.

In education, students study interactive CD-ROMs at their own speed and explore topics creatively by clicking on related links. Teenagers have played computer games for years, but many multimedia applications combine education and entertainment and they let them visit virtual worlds or change the ending of films.

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложение со сказуемым в Present Continuous Active.

Вариант 4

1. He studies English in his free time.

2. Airliners' routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere.

3. They discussed the scientist’s article.

4. Measures are being taken to save the Aral Sea.

5. Physics and mathematics are my favourite subjects.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите в каждом из них видовременную форму сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. They helped us to modernize the laboratory.

2. People use mathematics in all branches of science.

3. During the whole of last year those specialists were studying new materials.

4. The new railway lines will allow effective exploration of natural resources.

5. Microelectronics is the branch of electronics which is concerned with the design, production and application of electronic components, circuits and devices of extremely small dimensions.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения прилагательных и/или наречий и переведите их на русский язык:

1. The results of the experiment are more optimistic.

2. Actions speak louder than words.

3. Temperature is a less important factor in the reaction than pressure.

4. By the end of 1980s television moved to a new and more important

stage in its development since the appearance of colour television.

5. The picture of HDTV is five times sharper compared to other kinds of television.

IV. a) Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
особенности перевода сказуемого в пассивном залоге.

1. The design was completed in time.

2. This idea will be approved at the meeting.

3. Lectures on the use of the atomic energy in industry are always listened to with great interest.

4. The results of the investigation can be relied upon.

5. Our papers were still being checked when we came to see the instructor.

b) Преобразуйте предложения, употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный:

1. The researchers are developing a very useful device.

2. Radio employs electrical energy to transmit sounds, images and signals.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. Mathematics is studied at all technological institutes because every engineer must know it well.

2. That computers and industrial robots are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers.

3. The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms.

4. The use of the new equipment made it possible to minimize the number of workers.

5. This control system is more efficient than that described in the article.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1. They must believe these facts.

2. We can watch TV programs even from space.

3. The compass has to be small and light in weight.

4. Scientists have to work hard to create a new atomic technique.

5. High speed electronic machines are able to record and study a lot of scientific data.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Electricity

It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed.

Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.

With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys¹ in the 19-th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances have become a part of our everyday lives.

Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.

The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator - a new compact source of electricity - was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.

Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors³ were designed.

Since the beginning of the 20-th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.Today consumption of electricity per capita⁴ is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation.

Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service, and reduced cost. One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products⁵. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams.

Truly⁶ electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

Notes to the text:

1. transmission shafts, gearwheels, belts and pulleys - трансмиссионные валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки

2. time and labour saving appliances - электроприборы, экономящие время и труд

3. induction motors - индукционные моторы

4. per capita - на человека; на душу населения

5. by- products - побочные продукты

6. truly - поистине

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголом в Present Perfect Active и Present Perfect Passive.

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите грамматическое значение слов, имеющих окончание -s, -‘s, -s’ (часть речи, падеж, число, лицо,

время и пр. - cм. образец выполнения.). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Electricity lights our homes and streets.

2. The professor’s assistant is very responsible.

3. There are a lot of computers at our Institute.

4. What part of the system amplifies electrical impulses?

5. Mechanical engineering uses sophisticated programs for applications in computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

1. His discoveries played a great role in physics.

2. The problem remains very important.

3. At the moment they are collecting data about programming control.

4. They will build a road to the factory next year.

5. We’ll have completed our experiments by the end of the week.

1. It was the most interesting report at the conference.

2. The more detailed the plan, the easier it is to fulfill.

3. Cars of the future will have more efficient engines.

4. Electronics makes it possible to raise industrial automation to a higher level.

5. The sooner you start the sooner you will get there.

IV. a) Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
особенности перевода сказуемого в пассивном залоге.

1. Every visible event in nature can be explained.

2. Different organic compounds are described in the article.

3. The problem was successfully solved.

4. The car will be parked at the parking lot near the hotel.

3. His report was followed by a short film.

b) Преобразуйте предложения, употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный:

1. They have accepted the scientist’s suggestion.

2. New data will support the results of our research.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. Joint efforts of people throughout the world make it possible to achieve some progress in environmental protection.

2. One must realize that the increasing number of cars brings about considerable pollution of the air.

3. The essential feature of higher education in this country is that it combines theory with practice.

4. That air and water pollution by industrialization is reaching dangerous levels is realized by everyone.

5. The atoms and molecules that make up all the forms of matter are in constant thermal motion.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1. In the application of electronic devices the engineer must have a good knowledge of their characteristics.

2. You may use this instrument.

3. He cannot make such a serious mistake.

4. As the known resources of coal and oil are limited, man has to find new sources of power.

5. The origin of automation can be traced back to the early days of the industrial revolution.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст

Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy

It is known that much is being done in the world today for the development of non-traditional sources of energy. Without them the Earth cannot support its present population of 5 billion people and probably 8 billion people in the 21-st century.

Now we are using traditional power sources, that is, oil, natural gas, coal and water power with the consumption of more than 50 billion barrels per year. It is evident that these sources are not unlimited.

That is why it is so important to use such renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind, geothermal energy and others. Research is being carried out in these fields.

One of the most promising (перспективный) research is the development of power stations with direct transformation of solar energy into electricity on the basis of photoeffect. It was Russia that was the first in the world to develop and test a photoelectric battery of 32,000 volts and effective area of only 0.5 sq.m., which made it possible to concentrate solar radiation. This idea is now being intensively developed in many countries.

However, the efficiency of a solar power station is considerably reduced because of the limited time of its work during the year. But it is possible to improve the efficiency of solar power stations by developing different combinations of solar power stations and traditional ones – thermal, atomic and hydraulic.

That different wind energy plants are being developed is also well-known. These energy plants can be small (of several kilowatts) and large powerful systems.

It is important that all these advances in developing new sources of energy will help to solve the energy problem as a whole, besides, they do not have negative effects on the environment.

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в Present Continuous Active и Present Continuous Passive.

Вариант 6

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите грамматическое значение слов, имеющих окончание -s, -‘s, -s’ (часть речи, падеж, число, лицо, время - cм. образец выполнения.). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The laser's most important potential may be its use in communications.

2. Gravitation makes the satellites move around the Earth.

3. Radio electronics makes possible to perform the measurements.

4. This scientist's report was the best at the conference.

5. These scientists’ articles will be published in the next issue of the journal.

1. Faraday himself made a machine, which could generate electricity.

2. Scientists announce about many technical problems every year.

3. This research required attention.

4. The results of these experiments will be published in a scientific journal.

5. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world today.

1.The faster the molecules of substance move the higher is the temperature of it.

2.One of the most promising research is the development of power stations.

3.If you make even the smallest mistake in the program you can't find the answer.

4.There are several advantages in making computers as small as possible.

5.The efficiency of lightwave systems is perhaps their most important quality.

IV. a) Перепишите и переведите предложения, обратите внимание на
особенности перевода сказуемого в пассивном залоге.

1. Different transmitters are used in a system television.

2. This article was written by him for the conference.

3. The lecturer was listened to with great attention.

4. The discovery of radium was followed by other important inventions.

5. After a new device had been tested it was installed in our laboratory.

b) Преобразуйте предложения, употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный:

1. He improved his device a week ago.

2. The computer can perform different mathematical operations.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. It is evident that research is becoming more specialized now.

2. It is the invention of an engine that started the first industrial revolution.

3. The education in Oxford and Cambridge is different in many ways from that in other countries.

4. Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials.

5. It was radioelectronics that produced cybernetics and nuclear physics.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1. This article must be translated without a dictionary.

2. Crystals may be used in various fields of industry.

3. You can watch several programs simultaneously on miniscreens and then produce one of them in full format.

4. Very difficult calculations in mathematics and electrical engineering have to be solved by computers.

5. Electronic machines can add, subtract, multiply and divide much quicker than man.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст

Television

Hundreds of people were the first to see the black-white pictures on TV at the World's Fair in New York in 1939. The pictures were only transmitted from one side of the Fair territory to the other, but they were of great historical importance.

Within a few days the news of television spread all over the world. Many people wanted to look at the new invention. Everyone was interested in it. But only few people had TV-sets in the next few years. In 1958 there were millions of them.

In its short history television has had great influence on people’s life and way of thinking. People watched fewer films and turned from newspapers and magazines to TV. The boundaries of time and space have disappeared. People are able to see any concerts, football matches and competitions at the time they occur.

At present TV communication is provided with the help of system of artificial earth satellites so that people living in different parts of the country and in different time zones are able to watch the central TV programs at the most convenient hours.

Nowadays many people also have cable TV, a system using wires for the transmission of television programs (like telephone calls). Cable television was a big step forward in the TV development made by the mid -1980s. Scientists announced that many technical problems had been solved and in the future it would be possible via satellite and cable TV to use more channels on a TV set at every home in the world.

The next major advance for TV would be digital television. In a digital system the usual continuous signal is replaced by a digital code containing information on brightness, colour, etc.

By the end of 1980s television had moved to a new and most important stage in its development since the appearance of colour television. Technically it is called high-definition television (HDTV) or Hi-Vision. Japanese manufacturers developed a new video system with a picture resembling a wide-screen film more than traditional television. This is a television of the 21-st century and it will likely find its application not only in homes, but also in industry, medicine, even film production.

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголом в Past Perfect Active и Past Perfect Passive.

Вариант 7

1. Radio electronics makes it possible to perform measurements.

2. Gravitation makes the satellites move around the Earth.

3. Electric energy finds its most important use in industry.

4. Einstein’s ideas produced revolution in science.

5.Computers have considerably improved our students’ academic achievements.

II.Перепишите предложения. Определите в каждом из них видовременную форму сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Direct current motors operate on the same principle as the direct current generator.

2. The air in many cities has been polluted by traffic and industry.

3. The discoveries in physics increase our possibilities in other science.

4. The speaker will be talking about composite ceramics.

5. A new electronic device installed in the car’s instrument panel will calculate how far one can drive on the fuel left in the tank.

1.Mathematics is the most important subject for technical students.

2.The results of the last experiment were worse than before.

3.The accuracy of this new instrument is much higher.

4.The longer the wire, the greater the resistance.

5.The most common type of computer is the microcomputer.

IV. a) Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
особенности перевода сказуемого в пассивном залоге.
1.The article is often referred to.

2.The batteries were charged some days ago.

3.The new electronic equipment will be designed next year.

4.The device made in the lab will be used in industry.

5.Lectures on the use of the atomic energy in industry are always listened to with great interest.

b) Преобразуйте предложения, употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный :

1. New types of integrated circuits increased packing density.

2. Electrons made wireless telephony possible.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов в ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ различных функциях.

1. It is industrialization that is making ecological problems very serious.

2. The main purpose of education is that graduates must be able to work with the technology of tomorrow.

3. That satellites can control physical, chemical, biological and geological changes on a global scale is well known now.

4. The new devices have a number of advantages over the old ones.

5. I know only one solution of this problem.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1. Metal detectors can be used to find pipes.

2. Electronic devices may look complicated.

3. We have to take into consideration all the advantages and disadvantages of this device for the future work.

4. We must say that the discovery of atomic energy is as important as the discovery of fire.

5. These parts have to be replaced.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Types of Computer

A computer is a device that takes in data, processes it according to the program, and then outputs the processed data in some form. There is an increasing variety of computers of different sizes and designed for different purposes.

Computers can be divided into three broad categories: mainframe computers (mainframes), minicomputers (minis), and microcomputers (micros).

Mainframes are large, powerful, expensive computers that are operated by a team of professionals and are designed to be used by many people at the same time. The most powerful mainframes are sometimes called supercomputers. Minicomputers are really cut-down mainframes and are no longer very common.

The most common type of computer is the microcomputer. Microcomputers are sometimes called personal computers. The abbreviation PC was originally used for microcomputers produced by IBM Corporation, but it is now sometimes used for other types of personal computer. There is a wide variety of microcomputers but two common types are desktop computers and portables. Desktops are small enough to sit on an office desk and are relatively cheap. They are becoming cheaper and more powerful and are often used for running multimedia programs, i.e. programs that contain some combination of text, sound, high quality graphics, animation, and video. Multimedia computers need to have a sound facility and usually have a CD-ROM drive.

There is an increasing variety of portable micros that can be grouped according to their size. They can usually be powered from batteries and are useful in many different situations. They can also be powerful enough to be used for multimedia.

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения с прилагательным в сравнительной и превосходной степени.

Вариант 8

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите грамматическое значение слов, имеющих окончание -s, -‘s, - s’ (часть речи, падеж, число, лицо, время и пр. - cм. образец выполнения.). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The situation requires the presence of managers.

2. Electric motor transforms electric energy into mechanical energy.

3. Cold turns water into ice.

4. Our professor’s book on strength of materials is well-known and popular.

5. He is going to defend his Master’s thesis.

1. At the last seminar we discussed control system concepts.

2. The future hydroelectric station will provide power for surrounding enterprises.

3. We prefer to deal with these electricians.

4. Molecules of a gas are constantly moving.

5. Electronics has extended man’s intellectual power.

1.The stronger the magnet, the greater distance through which it acts.

2. The pressure in the boiler is less than it is necessary.

3. Chemistry is not so interesting to him as maths.

4. The lower the losses, the higher the efficiency of an electric device.

5. Radar is one of the most valuable inventions of modern science.

IV. a) Перепишите предложения, обратите внимание на особенности перевода сказуемого в пассивном залоге. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This subject will be dealt with in the next chapter.

2. Yesterday I was given an article to translate.

3. It's a good thing that the club is run by the students.

4. The results of the experiment have been affected by the presence of impurities.

5. The invention of an internal combustion engine was followed by the appearance of a motor car.

b) Преобразуйте предложение(я), употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный:

1. Students watched the process with great attention.

2. He taught us to use the lab equipment.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. It is no longer possible to put off the solution of ecological problems.

2. One can easily understand why the profession of an engineer requires a special college training.

3. It is the growth of industrialization that is changing the climate of the planet.

4. That the earth is round was unknown for a long time.

5. Can you compare the climate of England with that of another country?

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1. With the help of a new device the scientists could see some strange rays.

2. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of the tool.

3. This equipment must be tested in various conditions.

4. We are to take special steps to reduce the weight of this mechanical part.

5. Heat is a form of energy and can be measured in the units in which energy is measured.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Sources of Power

The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.

The history of electrical power has been characterized by a steadily increasing rate of power consumption. In 1950 worldwide electrical power consumption was approximately one trillion kilowatt-hours, by 1990 it had climbed to twelve times that figure, nearly 12 trillion kilowatt-hours annually. During the same period, the world's population doubled from 2.6 to 5.4 billion. Today, annual worldwide electrical power consumption stands at 14 trillion kilowatt-hours; Germany accounts for 540 billion kilowatt-hours.

At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i.e. (i.е. (лат. id est) =that is — то есть) coal, natural gas and oil. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Electricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.

It should be noted, however, that the generation of electricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconomic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Besides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not everlasting. On the other hand, the power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future. Therefore much effort and thought is being given to other means of generating electricity.

VIII. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения с модальными глаголами.

Вариант 9

1. It is quite evident now that television has had a great influence on people’s life.

2. Electric current plays an important role in our life.

3. Heat causes many chemical reactions.

4. Electronics has extended man’s intellectual power.

5. Scientists have found a ceramic material that works at room temperature.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите в каждом из них видовременную форму (грамматическое время глагола-сказуемого и залог –Active or Passive - смотри образец выполнения). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A long time ago people noticed the attracting ability of the magnet.

2. Insulators play an important role in electrical engineering.

3. A special group is working at the system of television control all this week.

4. Sometimes we prefer TV to reading books.

5. Electronic technology has made it possible to set up automatic communication systems.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения прилагательных и/или наречий и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Radium is one and a half time more radioactive than uranium.

2. Transistors consume far less electric power than vacuum tubes.

3. One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer.

4. The more computers and robots are used in industry, the quicker technological progress will be.

5. These engines are not so powerful as those ones.

1. The experiments were planned to check the hypothesis.

2. Einstein’s theory of relativity is often referred to by a great number of researchers.

3. Laws are usually discussed before they are adopted.

4. Our problem will be discussed at the meeting.

5. The information is recorded by using a powerful laser.

b) Преобразуйте предложения, употребив вместо действительного залога страдательный. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. American scientists invented the transistor in 1948.

2. They couldn’t measure the voltage.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. 1. It should be said that computers become increasingly important in our life and work.

2. This instrument is more efficient than that one.

3. One positive charge is now called a proton and this charge is equal to that of one electron.

4. It is the invention of an engine that started the first industrial revolution.

5. One must realize that the increasing number of cars on the roads brings about considerable pollution of the air.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и/или его эквивалента.

1. The engineer will have to correct the program.

2. The electrician must know how to reduce the resistance of the conductor.

3. Television cameras can be used under water.

4. He had to take part in our discussion.

5. You should press a button to start the machine.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Is there an End to the Computer Race?

Today the word "electronics" is in general usage. There is a lot of various radio and TV sets and tape-recorders in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic world.

And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimeters, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, science and technology. It is in the heart of every electronic device and the more TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.

When we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic "components", the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

One of the most popular electronic devices is a computer. In the past it took scientists and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required

In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above one billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the nearest future. Is there an end to this race?

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения с прилагательными в сравнительной и превосходной степени.

Вариант 10

1.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

2. Alternating current changes its direction many times a second.

3. Radio plays an important part as a means of communication.

4. What device sends out waves in different directions?

5. The dean’s assistant told us to come in time.

1. Franklin invented the lightning conductor.

2. The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers.

3. Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind.

4. He will give me valuable information on the subject.

5. I haven’t seen you since you graduated from the University.

III. a) Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения прилагательных и/или наречий и переведите их на русский язык.

1. These deviсes are the best for work at the lab.

2. It was the most productive period in the history of science.

3. This approach is more realistic.

4. The greater the number of free electrons in a substance, the better this substance conducts electricity.

5. These engines are not so powerful as those motors.

1. The first electric cell was made in 1800 by Volta.

2. Many interesting facts can be found in this article.

3. Much attention is being paid to the development of three-dimensional television.

4. Complex calculations were followed by experiments.

5. There are problems which should be solved in cooperation with other countries.

1. Scientists designed a variety of tubes for specialized functions.

2. People discovered new phenomena of nature due to electronic devices.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов ‘it’, ‘one’, ‘that’ в различных функциях.

1. One should know that “roentgen” is a unit of radiation.

2. It is well-known that technological progress is impossible without

electronics, computers, robots and new materials.

3. That theory is combined with practical training is a very good tradition of our universities.

4. It was Mendeleyev who gave the world his periodic table of elements.

5. The new technologies must be connected with the traditional ones.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение модального глагола и его эквивалента.

1. These parts have to be replaced by new ones.

2. Nobody was able to understand that mysterious phenomenon.

3. One should turn the gas off before leaving home.

4. The lecture is to begin at 3 o’clock.

5. He was allowed to use a dictionary.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Made in Space

This label "Made in Space" for industrial materials will probably surprise no one in the not so distant future. They may include superconductors, new kinds of alloys, substances with peculiar magnetic properties, supertransparent laser glass, polymers, plastics, and so on. Experts estimate that within a few coming years industrial production of various new materials of better quality will be started in space.

Conditions on board a space vehicle orbiting the Earth greatly differ from those on its surface. However, all of these conditions can be simulated on Earth, except for one - prolonged weightlessness. Weightlessness can be created on Earth, but only for a few seconds. A space flight is another matter: a satellite orbiting the Earth is n a dynamic zero-gravity state, i.e., when gravity is cancelled out by inertia.

What can weightlessness be used for? Many well-known processes go on differently due to the absence of weight. The Archimedes principle is no longer valid and, consequently, stable-state liquid mixtures can be obtained, the components of which would immediately separate on Earth because of different density.

In space there is no gravitational convection , i.e., movements of gases or liquids caused by difference of temperatures. It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur because of convection. Biochemists also have to deal with the worst aspects of convection, for example, in the production of superpure biologically active substances. Convection makes it very difficult on Earth.

A great number of experiments aimed at proving the advantages of the zero-gravity state for the production of certain materials have been carried out on board manned and unmanned space vehicles. The experiments proved that many of the properties of the materials obtained under the zero-gravity condition were much better than those produced on Earth.

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложение с глаголом в Present Perfect Passive.

Самостоятельная работа 2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить самостоятельную работу № 2, необходимо усвоить содержащийся в упражнениях-заданиях и текстах необходимый минимум общественной и специальной лексики и базовые грамматические структуры.

Неличные формы глагола: причастие (The Participle), функции причастия в предложении; причастные обороты (Participial Constructions). Герундий (The Gerund), герундиальные обороты (Gerundial Constructions). Инфинитив (The Infinitive), Субъектный и Объектный инфинитивные обороты (Complex Subject and Complex Object with the Infinitive). Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses). Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood) и условные придаточные предложения (Conditional Sentences). Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no, every и их производные.

Необходимый справочный грамматический материал содержится в книге: Орловская И.В., Самсонова И.С., Скубриева А.И. Учебник английского языка для студентов технических университетов и вузов. М.: изд. МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2000. Могут также использоваться и другие имеющиеся в распоряжении студента справочные и учебные пособия.

Образец выполнения к упр.1

I. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и укажите функцию каждого из них, т.е. определите, будет ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите.

1. The student translating the article is certainly familiar with radio electronics. - Студент, переводящий статью, конечно, знаком с радиоэлектроникой.

Translating – Participle I в функции определения.

Вариант 1

1. The results obtained are of great importance for our research.

2. The scientist working at this design is well known.

3. Carrying out the experiment he used some new instruments.

4. The discovery mentioned remained unknown to most scientists for a long time.

5. The consumption of electricity is growing all the time.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий и герундиальные обороты.

1. Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments.

2. A is a machine for making and concentrating light waves into a very intense beam.

3. For many centuries men were interested in obtaining new sources of energy.

4. We insisted on the experiment being repeated.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив и инфинитивные обороты.

1. Many inventions are known to have practical application.

2. The most important thing is to introduce the achievements of science into production.

3. To transform water into steam is not a complex process.

4. Lodygin was the first to invent the electric lamp.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения и глаголы в сослагательном наклонении:

1. If a solid body or a liquid is heated, it will expand.

2. If there were no computers, space flights would be impossible.

3. It is necessary that these data should be processed as soon as possible.

4. We suggested that his project be discussed in detail.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. Somebody is waiting for you in the library.

2. She saw nobody in the hall.

3. Some metals are extremely rare in nature.

4. Anything that can help in your research will be given to you at your laboratory.

5. Any engineer must know this law of mechanics.

VI. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. The engineer was told that he (may) test the device in the afternoon.

2. She said that the students of that group (to be studying) at the University.

VII. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Crystals

Crystals are known to be the most perfect creation of the inorganic

world. They have long been attracting man's attention. The wide use of crystals explains the interest taken in them by physicists and chemists, mineralogists and biologists, metal experts and scientists in many other spheres.

We know crystal silicon batteries to collect solar energy out of space to feed various devices in man-made satellites. The wavelength of every radio station in the world is established by means of quartz crystals. The vast sphere of semiconductors is based on the crystals of germanium, silicon and others. These crystals are installed in tiny transistors and big electronic computers which perform millions of operations a second.

At present more than 1,000 artificial crystals are made in different parts of the world, these possessing properties unknown in nature. One of the latest achievements of Russian scientists was the production of artificial diamonds.

The creation of quantum generators ranks among the outstanding discoveries of recent times. A synthetic ruby, processed in the form of a rod, with a small addition of chromium oxide is used as the generator of light. Crystals are also used in quantum generators to guide the light beams.

Scientists of different countries are successfully developing quantum generators, called lasers, and are looking for new practical uses for this kind of rays. A laser beam is already being used in metal-working industries, in the study of space, and medicine. But it is in the field of communications that the laser will find its most extensive application in the future. Scientists foresee the day when a single laser beam will be used to carry simultaneously a thousand million telephone conversations or a thousand television programmes. Transmission of sounds and pictures at the speed of light would be a revolutionary change that would solve the increasing demand for radio communication channels.

VIII. Выпишите из текста одно предложение с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом (Complex Subject), и одно предложение с объектным инфинитивным оборотом (Complex Object)

Вариант 2

1. The professor delivering the lecture is a famous scientist.

2. The applied device was very efficient.

3. Using the energy of the atom we produce electric energy at atomic power plants.

4. Cambridge University was formed in the 12^th century.

5. When passed through a motor, electric current can do work.

1. Penetrating into space was very important for mankind.

2. In testing the devices they found some serious faults.

3. We know of Yoffe’s having contributed much to the research of transistors.

4. Their aim is mastering the fundamentals of radio engineering

1. Computers are certain to be used in economics and management.

2. He was the first to obtain such remarkable results.

3. To strengthen metals engineers mix them with other substances.

4. The problem to be solved is of great importance to our industry.

5. Modern discoveries allow science engineering to be developed rapidly.

1. If a satellite speed is less than necessary it will go down the orbit and enter the atmosphere.

2. It is required that all measurements be done beforehand.

3. Provided all of the requirements were met, the efficiency of the apparatus would be increased.

4. Had you taken all the safety measures, the machine would not have been broken.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. The research work was completed and no other experiments were needed.

2. Something must be done to improve the results of the experiment.

3. Now everybody knows that we can turn a laser beam into electricity with high efficiency.

4. We have already some new telephones at our disposal.

5. No problem is so important as the problem of communication.

VI. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. We knew that he (to be working) hard.

2. Students were informed that they (to have) industrial training the following year.

VII. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Transport for Tomorrow

One thing is certain about the public transport of the future: it must be more efficient than it is today. The time is coming when it will be quicker to fly across the Atlantic to New York than to travel from home to office. The two main problems are: what vehicle shall we use and how can we plan our use of it?

There are already some modern vehicles which are not yet in common use, but which may become a usual means of transport in the future. One of these might be an electric car.

A few decades ago, the only thing electronic on most automobiles was the radio. But at present sophisticated electronics is playing a big part in current automotive research. For example, in every gasoline-powered car that General Motors Corporation makes there is a small computer continuously monitoring the exhaust. The device, about the size of a pack of cigarettes, adjusts the vehicle carburetor fuel intake to get the best fuel economy. Ford cars are equipped with an electronic instrument panel that, among other things, will calculate how far one can drive on the fuel left in the tank. It will also estimate the time of arrival at destination and tell the driver what speed he has had since turning on the ignition.

According to specialists these features made possible by microelectronics are only the beginning. Recently a radar to be mounted on lorries and cars has been designed in the USA. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions, and a display screen may show the car's position on the road.

To produce advanced safety vehicles designers and engineers need not only highly developed electronics but new materials as well. A Japanese company is designing a car of a new generation. When completed, the new model will have a lot of unusual characteristics. The car's four-wheel control system will ensure movement diagonally and even sideways, like a crab, at right angles to the longitudinal axis. This is especially important when leaving the car in parking places.

A new ceramic engine has been developed in Japan. Many important parts such as pistons, pressure rings, valves piston rings and some others have been made of various ceramic materials, being in many respects better than those of steel. They withstand temperatures up to 1000 degrees C. Therefore, the engine does not need a cooling system.

VIII. Выпишите из текста одно предложение, содержащее инфинитив в функции обстоятельства.

Вариант 3

1. The energy of falling water is used to turn the turbines at hydroelectric stations.

2. Particles forming an atom are in motion.

3. When passed through a motor, electric current can do work.

4. The investigation analyzed resulted in an interesting discovery.

5. The students have conducted all the experiments.

1. The solar stations in the desert will solve the problem of producing cheap electricity in near future.

2. They made considerable progress in learning.

3. The reporter went away without having told us the necessary information.

4. The engineer insisted on my inspecting the motor.

1. The defect has to be eliminated immediately.

2. It is impossible to measure the temperature of hot flowing metals.

3. Scientists found beta-rays to consist of negative particles.

4. He seems to know the subject very well.

5.To develop the supercomputer highly developed electronics and new materials were required.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения и глаголы в сослагательном наклонении:

1. If I come late, I will have no time to read.

2. Had we enough time to spare we should attend the conference.

3. If he had had more time yesterday he might have done this work.

4. It is essential that all students should master their computer skills.

V.Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. Something is wrong with the engine.

2. Some metals may become super conductive at a room temperature.

3. Anything that moves has kinetic energy.

4. No engineer can solve this problem without help of computers.

5. I have not seen him for some years.

VI. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. It was known that the head of our laboratory (to be) a graduate of Moscow University.

2. The newspapers reported that the Trade Union Congress ( to have finished) its work.

VII. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Laser

Laser is one of the most sophisticated inventions of man. The name stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

Laser produces an intensive beam of light of a very pure single colour. It represents the fulfilment of one of the mankind's oldest dreams of technology to provide a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It can indeed make lead run like water, or, when focused, it can vaporize any substance on the earth. There is no material unamenable to laser treatment and laser will become one of the main technological tools quite soon.

The applications of laser in industry and science are so many and so varied as to suggest magic. Scientists in many countries are working at a very interesting problem: combining the two big technological discoveries of the second half of the 20th century — laser and thermonuclear reaction — to produce a practically limitless source of energy. There also exists an idea to use laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. The laser beam must heat the fuel to the required temperature so quickly that the plasma does not have time to disintegrate. According to current estimates, the duration of the pulse has to be approximately a billionth of a second. The light capacity of this pulse would be dozens of times greater than the capacity of all the world's power plants. To meet such demands in practice, scientists and engineers must work hard as it is clear that a lot of difficulties are to be encountered on route.

The laser's most important potential may be its use in communications. The intensity of a laser can be rapidly changed to encode very complex signals. In principle, one laser beam vibrating a billion times faster than ordinary radio waves, could carry the radio, TV and telephone messages of the world simultaneously. In just a fraction of a second, for example, one laser beam could transmit the entire text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Besides, there are projects to use lasers for long distance communication and for transmission of energy to space stations, to the surface of the Moon or to planets in the Solar system. These projects have not yet been put into effect, because of the great technological difficulties to be overcome and, therefore, the great cost involved. But there is no doubt that in time these projects will be realized and the laser beam will begin operating in outer space as well.

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие причастие в функциях определения и обстоятельства (см.3 и 4-й абзацы).

Вариант 4

1. Controlling equipment is set up in planes and rockets.

2. The article published in the scientific journal will be discussed.

3. A new ceramic engine has been developed in Japan.

4. When required, these data will be applied in our practical work.

5. Having assembled the motor, we tested it.

1. They made considerable progress in learning.

2. Reading scientific books regularly improves our knowledge.

3. He tells me of her going on a business trip tomorrow.

4. His reading technical magazines without a dictionary helps him in his research work.

1. То translate technical texts without a dictionary is difficult.

2. We know a computer to be a complex electronic device.

3. One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer.

4. She may use different methods in her research work.

5. What actions are necessary to take to deal successfully with the problem of protecting the environment throughout the world?

1. These electrical devices can work for a long time, provided they are made of good materials.

2. If we had tested this material, we should have used it in our work.

3. Provided new composite materials are used, it will be possible to reduce overall aircraft weight.

4. It is essential that international cooperation should be as productive as possible.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. Some substances generate electricity when they are rubbed.

2. Everybody knows about Popov who invented radio.

3. Some centuries ago people didn't know anything about electricity.

4. For a long time nobody knew that lightning and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing.

5. They couldn't say anything about the results of their experiments.

VI. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. They thought that she (to graduate) from a technical institute.

2. She said that she (to be fond of) driving a car.

VII. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

The immense possibilities of laser

The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology and in the nature of productive labour. The laser has become indispensable as a means of space communication, its beam producing a sharp picture on the television screen. Moreover it can increase the size of the TV screen to that of a modem cinema. The laser cuts steel, drills holes into alloys and diamonds a few microns in diameter. The laser can do soldering and welding jobs and harden metals.

The laser is now being used in communication lines. Nevertheless, the laser no doubt has innumerable other applications which are still to be discovered. Specialists are now working at solving the major problems in the field of quantum electronics. Let’s take optical methods of data processing. Technological progress calls for ever more efficient electronic computer. Multipurpose computers capable of performing more than million operations per second have already been designed and built.

By improving the semiconductor integrated circuits scientists succeeded in obtaining a speed of 100 000 000 and more operations per second. Laser devices will apparently make it possible to build extremely fast computer elements capable of performing up to a thousand million operations per second. The speed of a computer’s operations depends not only on its elements directly engaged in carrying out logical operations but it also depends on the capacity and efficiency of its storages. The storage of a modern computer is complicated and bulky, its capacity being comparatively small. So far one cannot read data and out fast enough, record computation results instantly or charge the storage with sufficient information to make it possible for the computer to master a more complicated logic of "thinking" and this is where optics came in.

VIII. Выпишите из последнего абзаца текста 2 предложения с герундием, подчеркните и определите его функцию.

Вариант 5

1. Electronics is being used more and more extensively in industry.

2. Compressing gas we turn it into liquid.

3. The damaged parts were examined and repaired by a specialist.

4. These instruments recorded the cosmic rays and the information obtained was sent back by the radar to the ground.

5. The apparatus tested is looked upon as an experimental one.

1. Driving a car is my hobby.

2. I remember having been helped with my laboratory work.

3. In testing the devices they found some serious faults.

4. On reading the article the student made a short summary of it.

5. People will obtain a great deal of useful knowledge from studying nature.

1. The microscope enables scientists to examine very small subjects.

2. The traditional approach to this problem is to consider each new process as a new problem.

3. To make computers work fast and correctly is a very significant task.

4. Plastics are supposed to be used instead of metals.

5. This problem is too complex to be solved by the students.

1. It is required that an airplane should be well balanced dynamically.

2. If you were on the first manned space station your task would be to study the stars and planets including the Earth.

3. Exploring Phobos would be a difficult problem because of its small gravity field.

4. Superliners could develop a higher speed provided some special cooling measures were used.

V.Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. They worked together for some years.

2. We didn't say anything after his speech.

3. Nobody could use this complicated device.

4. Everybody was interested in the program of research.

5. There was no modern laboratory at this institute.

VI.Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. Our professor informed us that he (to give) the following lecture on quantum mechanics on Monday.

2. The students were told that they (to have) three lectures every day.

VII. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

Optical Technology

One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is the rapid progress of optical communication where optical fibres are replacing conventional telephone wires and cables. Just as digital technologies greatly improved the telephone system, optical communication promises a considerable increase in capacity, quality, performance and reliability of the global telecommunication network. New technologies such as optical fibers will increase the speed of telecommunication and provide new, specialized in-information service. Voice, computer data, even video images, will be increasingly integrated into a single digital communication network capable of processing and transmitting virtually any kind of information.

It is a result of combining two technologies: the laser, first demonstrated in 1960, and the fabrication 10 years later of ultra-thin silicon fibres which can serve as lightwave conductors. With the further development of very efficient lasers plus continually improved techniques to produce thin silica fibres of incredible transparency, optical systems can transmit pulses of light as far as 135 kilometers without the need for amplification or regeneration.

At present high-capacity optical transmission systems are being installed between many major US cities at a rapid rate. The system most widely used now operates at 147 megabits (thousand bits) per second and accommodates 6,000 circuits over a single pair of glass fibres (one for each direction of transmission). This system will soon be improved to operate at 1.7 gigabits (thousand million bits) per second and handle 24,000 telephone channels simultaneously.

Besides, it is reported that an optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced and intensive research on optical electronic computers is underway at a number of US companies as well as in countries around the world.

It is found that optical technology is cost-effective and versatile. It finds new applications every day — from connecting communication equipment or computers within the same building or room to long-distance transcontinental, transoceanic and space communications.

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие герундий и причастие в функциях определения (см.2 и 3-й абзацы).

Вариант 6

1. Using new methods we shall increase accuracy of this test.

2. The storage of modern computer is complicated.

3. The periodic law of elements discovered by Mendeleev is still used now.

4. The device used in our work is up-to-date.

5. When repaired, this part can be used in the radio set.

1. Study the instruction carefully before writing the essay.

2. Spending too much time before the computer may be dangerous to your health.

3. My mother insisted on my entering this University.

4. I like your sister’s reading in English.

1. This discovery proved to be of special value for this branch of industry.

2. He was the first to develop this idea.

3. They helped to find a new application of this instrument.

4. Some materials with new useful properties may be produced in space.

5. There are projects to use lasers for long distance communication.

1. If ordinary gases are greatly compressed they become liquids

2. Were it possible to learn how birds find their way people would use the principle to develop a navigation system for aviation.

3. If there were no computers space flights would be impossible.

4. It is demanded that these devices should be tested at once.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. Some centuries ago people didn't know anything about electricity.

2. He forgot to mention something important.

3. Nobody could believe the results.

4. Everybody knows about the inventor of radio.
5. I can't write anything.

VI. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. At the meeting it was said that our lecturer (to work) at a new program of laboratory work.

2. The dean said that he (to be) busy.

VII. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Modern Light-Wave Communications Technology

Some decades ago, the concept of using light pulses instead of electrical signals to transmit information was only that - a concept. Today, lightwave communications systems are among the most sophisticated transmission systems in the telecommunications network. They are at once efficient, versatile and relatively inexpensive to install and maintain.

The efficiency of lightwave systems is perhaps their most renowned quality. They carry enormous amounts of information over long distances at very high speeds. Consider, for example, the speed and capacity of the Bell System's long distance lightwave system. Light pulsing through a single, hair-thin glass fiber in this system can transmit the entire contents of Webster's unabridged dictionary - more than 2700 pages -over thousands of miles in only six seconds.

No less impressive than this tremendous speed and capacity is the versatility of light-wave systems. Because they are digital systems, they can transmit easily any of these types of information: voice signals, high-speed data signal, and television signals. Without undermining quality or efficiency, a single system can accommodate thousands of telephone conversations, and alternately handle data or video signals.

Finally, lightwave systems are inexpensive to install and operate compared to their wire-and-cable counterparts. Moreover, they allow considerable savings.

In addition, light wave systems eliminate certain equipment and operating costs. They are immune to electromagnetic interference, and therefore require no protection from it. Also, light can travel much farther through lightwave cables without regeneration than can electrons through copper carrier systems. This is because the light encounters little resistance from the very pure glass fibers through which it travels. Lightwave systems require significantly fewer signal regenerators than do electrical digital carrier systems: typically one every ten miles instead of one every mile.

lightwave communications system – система связи с использованием световых волн; their most renowned quality. hair-thin glass fiber – стекловолокно толщиной с человеческий волос;

high-speed data signal – высокоскоростной сигнал данных; carrier system – многоканальная система связи

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие герундий в функциях определения и обстоятельства (см.2 и 3-й абзацы).

Вариант 7

1. We need devices improving the accuracy of measurements.

2. The substances investigated showed quite interesting properties.

3. When cooled the water becomes ice.

4. While burning different substances combine with oxygen.

5. Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind.

1. I have always been fond of reading science fiction.

2. On having studied the problem thoroughly he published three articles in special scientific journals.

3. We know about Newton’s having written his famous work “Principia” in a very short time.

4. They are looking forward to obtaining good results in all the experiments.

1. Sound is known to travel in water at the speed of about a mile a second.

2. They were very glad to take part in the expedition.

3. In order to prevent corrosion metals must be covered with special paint.

4. A special electronic device signals the engine to stop.

5. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams.

1. It is necessary that this up-to-date machinery should be used on our construction sites.

2. I wish the device were more reliable.

3. If they had completed the research, the results would have been discussed at the conference.

4. It is desirable that the test should be repeated.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. Experiment added nothing new to our knowledge.

2. His friend has no ability to maths.

3. The engineer of the research laboratory developed some new methods of work.

4. Never build anything on sand.

5. Are you expecting anybody to come?

VI. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. The teacher told us that the term “engineering” (to have) many Russian equivalents.

2. Students were informed that they ( to have) industrial training in the third year.

VI. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Microelectronics and Miniaturizaton

As we know, transistors replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the advantages of the transistor is its small dimensions. Because of their small size, the absence of heating and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce compact, small-dimensioned electronic devices which consume very little power.

The intensive effort of electronics to increase the reliability and performance of its products, while reducing their size and cost, led to the results that hardly anyone could predict. The evolution of electronic technology is sometimes called a revolution: a quantitative change in technology gave rise to qualitative change in human capabilities. There appeared a new branch of science — microelectronics.

Microelectronics embraces electronics connected with the realization of electronic circuits, systems and subsystems from very small electronic devices. Microelectronics is a name for extremely small electronic components and circuit assemblies, made by film or semiconductor techniques. A microelectronic technology reduced transistors and other circuit elements to dimensions almost invisible to unaided eye. The point of this extraordinary miniaturization is to make circuits long-lasting, low in cost, and capable of performing electronic functions at extremely high speed. It is known that the speed of response depends on the size of transistor: the smaller the transistor, the faster it is. The smaller the computer, the faster it can work

One more advantage of microelectronics is that smaller devices consume less power. In space satellites and spaceships this is a very important factor.

VIII. Выпишите из 2 и 3-го абзацев текста 2 предложения с инфинитивом, подчеркните и определите его функцию.

Вариант 8

1. Arranging all the existing elements in the table Mendeleyev had to overcome great difficulties.

2. While testing the engine the engineer applied new methods

3. When heated solids expand little as compared with liquids.

4. At present they are studying various aspects of this problem.

5. The technology introduced received general recognition.

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий и герундиальные обороты.

1. At the moment the working group is engaged in the process of collecting data about programming control.

2.The instructor didn’t approve the idea of my reading the report at the conference.

3. Without working hard it is impossible to achieve success in business.

4. After finishing the experiments, we wrote down the results.

1. Water is known to be a good conductor.

2. The task is to increase the capacity of power plants.

3. The students asked to give a clear explanation of this problem.

4. Radar may control the breaks to avoid collisions with other cars.

5. To put some projects with lasers in operation great technological difficulties must be overcome.

1. I wish you had brought your camera.

2. Send him out of the room so that he should not hear what we talk about.

3. The house is so quiet as if there were nobody in it.

4. If he had had more time yesterday he might have done this work.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. Some professions are very interesting nowadays.

2. Something important took place there.

3. We couldn't understand anything from their letter.

4. Nobody seemed to be interested in this problem.

5. You can take any instrument you like.

VI. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. He wanted to know if we (already, to have) our industrial training.

2. The weather-man reported over the radio that it (to be) cold on the following weekend.

VII. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Computer Graphics

Computer graphics are known to be pictures and drawings produced by computers. A graphics program interprets the input provided by the user and transports it into images that can be displayed on the screen, printed on paper or transferred to microfilm. In the process the computer uses hundreds of mathematical formulas to convert the bits of data into precise shapes and colours. Graphics can be developed for a variety of uses including illustrations, architectural designs and detailed engineering drawings.

Mechanical engineering uses sophisticated programs for applications in computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). In the car industry CAD software is used to develop, model and test car designs before the actual parts are made. This can save a lot of time and money.

Basically, computer graphics help users to understand complex information quickly by presenting it in more understandable and clearer visual forms. Electric engineers use computer graphics for designing circuits and in business it is possible to present information as graphics and diagrams. These are certain to be much more effective ways of communicating than lists of figures or long explanations.

Today, three-dimensional graphics along with colour and computer animation are supposed to be essential for graphic design, computer-aided engineering (CAE) and academic research. Computer animation is the process of creating objects and pictures which move across the screen; it is used by scientists and engineers to analyze problems. With appropriate software they can study the structure of objects and how it is affected by particular changes.

VIII. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот (Complex Subject with the Infinitive) и подчеркните его.

Вариант 9

1. Using new methods they achieved good results.

2. The power generated was supplied to a number of factories.

3. The signal supplied by the auxiliary source controls the power.

4. The first laser was developed in 1960.

5. Transistors contain no moving parts.

1. Studying English is necessary for every engineer.

2. The energy of body is its capacity for doing work.

3. He mentioned his having shown these slides at the conference.

4. A transformer is a device for rising or lowering voltage.

1. We are likely to meet them there.

2. Industrial electronic equipment is known to play a very important role today.

3. It is impossible to measure the temperature of hot flowing metals.

4. It is very difficult to study radio engineering.

5. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is to lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials.

1. It is important that safety measures be taken while working with the electric equipment.

2. They would finish the work in time if they had the necessary material.

3. If he had been able to get all the information on the subject, his report would have been much more interesting.

4. I’ll do it if it is necessary.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. “We have to do something to make our telephone work better”, Bell used to say.

2. Nobody knows when this device was invented.

3. Everybody understood that phenomenon.

4. Are there any students in the lab now?

5. There are some telephones here.

VI.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. The chief engineer believed that we (to work) at that problem for a month the following summer.

2. We weren’t sure whether we (may) use a computer for our work.

VII. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

Superconductivity

Superconductors are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technological age. Prestige, economic and military benefits could well come to the nation that first will master this new field of physics. They were once thought to be physically impossible. But in 1911 superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicist K. Onnes, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his low-temperature research. He found the electrical resistivity of a mercury wire to disappear suddenly when cooled below a temperature of 4 Kelvin (-269 °C). Absolute zero is known to be 0 K. This discovery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. He also discovered that a superconducting material can be returned to the normal state either by passing a sufficiently large current through it or by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to it. But at that time there was no theory to explain this.

For almost 50 years after K. Onnes' discovery theorists were unable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In 1950 physicists Landau and Ginzburg made a great contribution to the development of superconductivity theory. They introduced a model which proved to be useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Finally, in 1957 a satisfactory theory was presented by American physicists, which won for them in 1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM scientists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound to become a superconductor at a temperature well above the previously achieved record of 23 K.

It was difficult to believe it. However, in 1987 American physicist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery: he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbelievable before temperature 98 K in a special ceramic material. At once in all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100 K and higher (that is, above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity seemed to be possible and practical.

VIII. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот (Complex Subject with the Infinitive) и подчеркните его.

Вариант 10

1. Translating the English article into Russian he looked up the unknown words in the dictionary.

2. The data obtained are of great importance.

3. When developed, the device was used for amplification of radio signals.

4. Molecules in a gas are constantly moving.

5. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.

1. Most people use computers without writing their own programs.

2. He insisted on our repairing the motor at once.

3. Planning is the key to efficient electricity supply.

4. We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet.

1. Experiment helped Mendeleyev to discover the properties of new elements.

2. To measure the current strength and the voltage is not difficult at all.

3. Crystals and minerals appear to possess some unexpected properties.

4. Recently a radar to be mounted on cars has been developed.

5.Here is the text to translate.

1. It is desirable that the message should be sent immediately.

2. If he had worked hard last term, he would have passed his exam.

3. I wish you could attend my presentation of the new invention.

4. We suggested that he should explain all the details of the plan.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. Everybody knows that it's difficult to find a book in a library.

2. I can't write anything because I have no informatics.

3. No one said anything to us about it at the meeting.

4. They found nobody at home.

5. I have been nowhere this summer.

VI. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. He said that he (to live) in Almaty.

2. They thought that she (to graduate) from a technical institute.

VII. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык

The International Space Station

The International Space Station (ISS) is the most complex and expensive structure that has ever been launched and built in space. When completed, it will be a multi-room hotel and research facility orbiting the Earth every 90 minutes. By that time, resupply and assembly flight by shuttles or rockets will have become routine.

The Russians and Americans are partners in this international enterprise. The three-person multi-national crews will be alternately composed of two Americans and one Russian followed by a Russian majority. Later a six or seven-person crew will occupy the station. Some astronauts may stay on the ISS up to 187 days, but there are no plans yet for longer missions. The official life expectancy of the station itself is 10 years, but it should last much longer.

The fifth-generation station will be built by a partnership of 16 nations. It will consist of 36 modules and hundreds of individual elements that come from all over the world. Russia would supply and deliver 12 modules for the future station, each being a key module among its 36 ones. They are: the basic power module, the control, the life support, the service modules and others.

The station involves the most technologically advanced nations — Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and 11 European nations. There will be many interconnected parts from so many countries that it would be impossible to predict how they would interact.

Hence, it is very important that all of these elements made by different suppliers should fit together properly and work exactly as planned. But even if all the parts fitted perfectly, the assembly process itself in orbit would be risky. The space station is flown while it is being constructed and each new building block added might change the way the station behaves in flight, which could result in serious trouble.

What is the purpose of the ISS? It is a political program as well as a science program. This program is no longer only about conducting scientific investigations in the absence of gravity, or about learning how to build a massive project weighing 400 tons in orbit, or about establishing the base for a future trip to Mars, The ISS is more than merely the next great adventure of the space age. It is also about promoting international cooperation and creating-thousands of peacetime jobs for highly skilled workers and engineers.

The implementation of the broad international program would require more than $40 billion. Some space experts would like to attract commercial users such as, e.g., biotechnology companies in order that the cost of the station should be lowered. And some specialists have even suggested that the station be used for advertising and Hollywood filmmaking.

VIII. Выпишите из 5-го абзаца текста 2 предложения, содержащие условное придаточное предложение и глагол в сослагательном наклонении.

Список литературы

1. Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С., Скубриева А.И. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов. – М: Изд-во МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана, 2006.

2. Рубцова М.Г. Полный курс английского языка. Учебник-самоучитель. – М.: Канон, 1996.

Содержание

Введение………………………………………………………………3

Самостоятельная работа 1……………………………………………4

Вариант 1………………………………………………………………5

Вариант 2………………………………………………………………7

Вариант 3………………………………………………………………9

Вариант 4……………………………………………………………..12

Вариант 5……………………………………………………………..14

Вариант 6……………………………………………………………..17

Вариант 7……………………………………………………………..19

Вариант 8………………………………………………………….….21

Вариант 9……………………………………………………………..24

Вариант 10……………………………………………………………26

Самостоятельная работа 2…………………………………………..28

Вариант 1……………………………………………………………..29

Вариант 2……………………………………………………………..30

Вариант 3……………………………………………………………..33

Вариант 4……………………………………………………………..35

Вариант 5……………………………………………………………..37

Вариант 6……………………………………………………………..39

Вариант 7……………………………………………………………..41

Вариант 8……………………………………………………………..42

Вариант 9……………………………………………………………..44

Вариант 10……………………………………………………………46