АЛМАТИНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ
Кафедра иностранных языков
УТВЕРЖДАЮ
Проректор по учебно-методической работе
____________________
Сериков Э.А.
“______”________________ 2005 г.
Английский язык
Методические указания
СОГЛАСОВАНО Рассмотрено и одобрено на
Начальник УМО заседании кафедры ИЯ
Рутгайзер О.З.
_______________
Протокол №_5_от 28.03.2005 г.
“__”____2005г.
Редактор _______
Ж.М.Сыздыкова Зав.
кафедрой ИЯ
А.С.Мендыгалиева__________ “__”____2005 г.
Специалист по
стандартатизации Составитель:
____________Н.М.Голева У.Ж. Жумабекова
__________
«_____» _________ 2005 г. С.М. Нарбаев ______________
Алматы
2005
СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ:У.Ж. Жумабекова, С.М.Нарбаев.Английский язык. Технические тексты и упражнения для закрепления грамматических тем. Методические указания. – Алматы. АИЭС,
2005.31с.
Методические указания предназначены для тренировки и закрепления грамматического материала. Грамматический материал закрепляется в специальных упражнениях. Некоторые из них предусматривают повторение уже известных грамматических явлений, нуждающихся в дополнительном закреплении и более глубоком изучении на базе научно-популярной лексики.
Рецензент: зав. каф. ИЯ
КазНТУ им. Сатбаева К.
к.ф.н.Ажибекова Г.Ж.
Печатается по плану издания
Алматинского институт
энергетики
и связи на 2005 г.
©
Алматинский институт энергетики и связи, 2005 г.
Unit 1
Grammar: Infinitive,
Gerund, Participle(simple forms)
|
|
Infinitive to learn V1 изучать |
Gerund learning V4 изучение |
Participle I learning V4 изучающий изучая |
Participle II learned V 3 изученный |
|
|
To learn
English is necessary in modern life. Изучать английский необходимо в современной жизни. |
Learning
English is hard but necessary. Изучение английского трудно, но необходимо. |
|
|
|
|
a) I want
to go to the USA. b) I want
you to go to the USA. (Complex
Object) |
He likes driving. Он любит водить машину. (Ему нравится водить машину). |
He heard Mr. Bill speaking over the telephone. Он слышал, как Мистер Билл говорил по телефону. |
|
|
|
(In order)To know English well you must study hard. Чтобы хорошо знать английский, Вы должны усердно заниматься. |
On hearing the news he got very angry. Услышав новости, он очень рассердился. |
(When) driving the car he enjoys it greatly. Когда он водит машину, ему это очень нравится. |
Having read the letter, he put it on the table. Прочитав письмо, он положил его на стол. |
|
|
This is a good book to read. Это хорошая книга для чтения. |
reading
lamp |
They saw a flying plane. Они увидели летящий самолет. |
The text translated by the boy is very interesting. Текст, переведенный, мальчиком, очень интересный. |
1 Translate the following sentences paying
attention to the Infinitive, Gerund
and Participle
1.1 To run modern machines workers must be educated.
1.2 Mastering a foreign language thoroughly is not easy.
1.3 People beginning to study languages often say that it is difficult to
memorize words.
1.4 They started charging battery.
1.5 Testing the engine the engineer applied new tools.
2 Use Participle I, Participle I or the Gerund
of the verb in brackets and
translate the sentences
2.1
The (launch) of artificial moon-satellites will make it possible to solve a
number of scientific and engineering
problems in the field of space exploration.
2.2
Don’t touch the (move) coil!
2.3
The method (use) depended on the material selected.
2.4 (read) such books you will improve
your knowledge of this subject.
2.5
The part (break) by you should be repaired at once.
3 Study the following words and word
combinations
3.1 to arrange in orderly fashion – располагать что-л. в
правильном порядке
3.2 to make contribution to – вносить вклад
3.3
to depend on – зависеть от
3.4 to distinguish from – отличать что-л. от
чего-л.
3.5 to have an influence on – оказывать влияние на что-л.
3.6
to be inseparable from – быть неотделимым от чего-л.
3.7
to be made up of – состоять из
3.8
common sense – здравый смысл
3.9
to reduce to plain common sense – сводить к простому здравому смыслу
3.10 to have room for – иметь место для чего-л.
3.11 search for –
поиски чего-л.
3.12 to turn into – превращать что-л. во что-л.
4 Tasks to the text
4.1
Look through the text and say what is
science and what distinguishes it
from other activities
4.2
Read the text and say what caused science
to arise
4.3
Provide each paragraph with a summarizing
sentence
4.4
Give an oral summery of the text
4.5
Underline sentences with the Infinitive,
Participle I and Gerund
What
Is Science?
1. To science we owe most of our
comforts, our leisure, our health, our ability to mold the environment, to communicate instantly and to
move swiftly over the earth.
2. Science arose out of man’s efforts to
survive, his natural curiosity, his search for order in a seemingly capricious
world. It arose from man’s efforts to understand nature and himself.
3. What is science? Science is first of
all a human activity. In science you study nature and human nature, living
nature and non- living nature. There is nothing too small or too large, too
distant or too near. It is not so mush what a scientist studies as how he
studies it, that makes the study of science, arranged in orderly fashion. A
scientist is always trying to reduce confusion to plain common sense.
4. What distinguishes science from other
activities is that it enables man to see the world “as it really is ”. This may
mean different things to different men times. Over the ages, science has found
the world to be flat at one time, round at another and more recently
“egg-shaped”; to be the centre of the universe and, later only a speck in the
cosmos; to be made up of four fundamental substances and, later of more than
one hundred fundamental substances. This does not mean that science is
unreliable. It means that science keeps pace with the time. Science is an
occupation for people who are capable of putting their beliefs to many tests.
There is always room for freshness, newness, brightness in it. The openness and
freedom of science makes it the most advanced kind of thought mankind has so
far developed.
5 Make
up questions to the following sentences
are the answer
5.1 To science owe our ability to communicate
instantly and to move
swiftly
over the earth.
5.2 Yes,
the achievements of
scientists have had
a great influence on
the
development of world science.
5.3 No, these achievements are
inseparable from the fast progress in the natural
sciences and advanced new ideas of
the 20th century.
6 State
the function of the
verbals (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle and verbal
noun)and translate the sentences into Russian
6.1 The generating of electricity fro
solar energy presents a more difficult prob -
lem than using the sun’s energy
for direct heating and cooling.
6.2 It is not at all easy finding (to
find) a quite satisfactory explanation
of some
natural phenomena.
6.3
A new way of producing electricity is
generating (to generate) electricity
from geothermal energy, that is,
from heat energy contained in steam, hot
water, or hot rocks that occur
naturally in the earth.
6.4 A voltmeter is an instrument for
measuring voltage.
6.5 Lunar gravitation is too weak to hold
the gases of an atmosphere.
7 Complete
the sentences using Infinitive, Gerund, Participle
7.1 Object usually expand when ….
7.2 Studying natural phenomena without ….
7.3 Translating the article, we….
7.4 Working (when working) with
radioactive materials… .
7.5 Newton was the first to … .
7.6
… was the first to … .
7.7 To generate (for
generating) electricity … .
8 Translate
the sentences from Russian into English
8.1
Любознательность во все
века служит великой движущей силой в
науке
8.2 За
последние шестьдесят лет
человек сделал больше
в управлении
силами природы, чем он сделал за
сто тысяч лет до этого.
8.3 Большой прогресс достигнут в
понимании поведения ядра.
8.4 Океаны, покрывающие 71% земной
поверхности, содержат 97% всей
земной воды.
8.5 Чтобы получить постоянный ток,
необходимо иметь его источник.
9 Translate
the text from Russian into English paying attention to the Infinitive,
Gerund and Participle
Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев
Д.И.
Менделеев родился в семье школьного учителя в Сибири. Когда ему было
четырнадцать лет, он решил поехать в Петербург, чтобы получить хорошее
образование. Уезжая из дома, он понимал, что ему придется много работать, чтобы
получить необходимые знания. Приехав в столицу, он сразу начал усиленно
работать.
Успешно
окончив педагогический институт, Менделеев
начал экспериментировать с химическими элементами. Заинтересовавшись
чередующимися свойствами различных химических элементов, Менделеев сопоставил свойства данного
элемента с весом атома. Он свел все тогда известные элементы в таблицу. Доказав
соотношение свойств каждого элемента с весом его атома, Менделеев сделал смелые
предположения о свойствах еще не открытых элементов, оставив для них свободные
места в своей таблице.
За многочисленные важные открытия Д. И. Менделеев был избран
профессором университета, где он работал много лет.
10 Make up dialogue using the text: D.I. Mendeleyev
Unit 2
Grammar: Participle (Simple and Perfect forms)
Infinitive as an attribute
Infinitive and Gerund as
adverbial modifier of
purpose
The Nominative with the Infinitive
construction
Some new word and word combination
to
achieve a world reputation – получить мировое признание
to concentrate on – сосредоточиться
to
be concerned with – иметь отношение
to confine to – ограничиваться; посвятить себя
despite – несмотря на
under guidance – под руководством
to
meet with a success – иметь успех
to
contribute to –
сделать вклад
1
Tasks to the text
1.1
Look through the text and
say what problems
Kurchatov was concerned
with
1.2 Read the
text and say
a) where, when and whom
Kurchatov started his
scientific career; b) when
Kurchato’s work in nuclear physics began; c)
what discovery associated
wit uranium was
announced in 1940; d) what
role
Kurchatov played in the post-war nuclear physics development.
1.3 Provide
each paragraph with a suitable heading
1.4
Underline sentences
with the Infinitive , Participle I, Participle II and
Gerund
I.V. Kurchatov
1. I.V. Kurchatov was born on January 12,
1903, in the Urals. Having graduated from University of the Crimea he was soon
engaged in research. In 1925 he started
his
scientific career in the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute under academician A.F. Yoffe. Up to
1933 he carried out experimental and theoretical studies of dielectrics. His
many researches on this subject were summarized in a book published in 1933.
2. Kurchatov’s nuclear physics work began
in 1930’s.His works quickly yielded results and in 1932 he made some important
discoveries in the field of artificial radioisotopes. In 1935 Kurchatov
achieved a world reputation with the publication of a book on the problems of
the atom. Three years later he was made director
of the Nuclear Physics Laboratory of the Leningrad Institute. He and his fellow
research workers concentrated on the development of cyclotrons.
3. In 1940 Kurchatov’s group was the
first to announce that uranium fissions
spontaneously. During the Second World War Kurchatov used his energy and
experience for the defense of his country.
4. Having returned to nuclear research
Kurchatov soon became the scientific head of all research concerned with the
use of nuclear power. Kurchatov persistently worked in developing and
perfecting atomic and hydrogen weapons in order to strengthen the defense of
the country. Using his experience and knowledge he actively contributed to the
construction of the world’s first industrial power plant.
2 Fill
in the blanks with suitable words from the text
2.1 In 1925 Kurchatov …
his scientific career … academician Yoffe.
2.2 Kurchatov did not …
himself to … laboratory research.
2.3 In 1932 he made some important
… in the field of
radioisotopes.
2.4 The first nuclear … were
… under his … .
2.5 In 1940 Kurchatov’s group was the
first to announce that … .
3.State the functions of
Participles and Gerund in bold type
Translate the sentences into Russian(Give all possible versions of
translation)
3.1 Working (when working) with radioactive
materials, a person must protect
himself from being injured by
radiation.
3.2 Working (in working) with radioactive
materials in the
early days of
radioactivity scientists didn’t
know how dangerous they were.
3.3 Having worked ( after having
worked) for a while with
radioactive
materials, Marie and Pierre Currie
noticed that their fingers became red and
that the skin was coming off.
3.4 When heated (being heated,
heated) in a vacuum some substances emit
electrons.
3.5 Being a conductor of
electricity, the earth
may form part
of an electric
circuit.
4 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Infinitive
used as an adverb
4.1 Newton was the first to solve the
problem of gravitation.
4.2 The substance discovered has some peculiar to be examined before
a final
conclusion is made.
4.3 Uranium was the first
atom to be split
by man in order to liberate a
tremendous amount of energy.
4.4 The first scientist to deduce
scientifically an atomic theory was Dalton.
4.5 The conference to
be held in a few months will
consider various ways of
establishing contacts among
scientists of different countries.
5 Translate the
sentences paying attention to Infinitives and Gerund used as
adverbial modifiers of purpose
5.1 Ocean tides have been
used successfully to
produce ( for producing)
electrical power in Russia and
France.
5.2 Solar power can be used for heating
and cooling with existing technology
and in the distant future it could
be used to generate electricity (for genera –
ting electricity.
5.3 In order to examine a report quickly
and learn definitely what was found out
by the experiment, it is necessary
to have a clear form of report.
5.4 To understand the nature
of the nuclear force that
constitutes the greatest
secret of the material universe,
nuclear physicists have constructed power -
ful accelerators.
5.5 In modern computers transistors are
used for performing complicated opera-
tions.
6 Fill
in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list given below(pay-
ing attention to the Infinitive,
Gerund and Participle)
nonliving exercising to progress to understand
in saying using
to use
Physics
Physics is concerned with phenomena of
___________ matter. __________ mathematics as a tool, it is an exact science of
the material world and forms the basis of many other studies. The astronomer,
the chemist, the geologist, the engineer, all need some knowledge of physics
__________ better in their respective spheres of work.
Physics is an exact science it is also an actively ___________ imagination. As we have progressed from
mechanics to nuclear physics, physics has become more and more difficult
____________. The deeper we go into the subject, the more we have __________
our imagination. Our ideas, however, are colourful by our experience in mechanics
which has supplied us with the most fundamental concepts. Perhaps the most
important one is energy as it is the concern
of every physicist whatever his field may be. We should not be far from
wrong _________
that
physics is the science of matter and energy.
7 Put
questions to the text
8 Prepare to discuss one of the
scientists prominent in your field of science and
use the
following words and word combinations
to be born, to graduate
from, to be engaged in, to work under, to carry out, to
publish to achieve, to make a discovery, to be concerned with, to be
awarded
with,
to value highly
Unit 3
Grammar: Gerund and Gerundial Complex
Infinitive as an
adverbial modifier of result
Some new word and word combination
to be associated with – быть связанным
to break up into – распадаться на
to consist of – состоять из
to be composed of - состоять из
to be different from – отличаться
to
decompose into – распадаться на
to be due to – быть обусловленным
to keep on doing – продолжать делать
to tell from – отличать от
1 Tasks to the text
1.1 Look
through the text and say in what states matter exist and give some
examples
1.2 Read the text and a0 explain how to tell one
state of matter from other: b)
state the law of
conservation of matter; c)
describe the physical and
chemical properties of matter.
1.3 Write down summarizing sentence for each
paragraph
1.4 Give a brief summery of the text
1.5 Underline
sentences with the
Infinitive , Participle I, Participle II and
Gerund
Matter
1. From the dawn of chemistry it was
recognized that many substances cold exist in the form of gas, liquid or solid,
depending on the temperature. Water is the most common example. Sufficiently
cooled, it becomes solid ice, and sufficiently heated, it becomes gaseous
steam. All other substances can also be found in all three states, but their
melting and evaporation points vary widely.
2. The volume of a substance is seen to
depend on the velocity of the molecules.
The
higher the temperature, the faster they move, the more room they require, and
the greater the volume.
3. All states of matter represent
different degrees of organization to which there
correspond
certain values of blinding energy. If the average kinetic energy exceeds the
binding energy, the crystal structure breaks up and matter changes either into
liquid or directly into a gas.
4. The characteristic of matter are its
properties. We can tell one piece of matter fro m other by its properties. It
may have colour or be colourless. It may be hard or soft . It may dissolve in
some liquids or be indissoluble. Some kinds of matter can unite with each other
and change into a different kind of matter. This kind of behaviour shows chemical properties of matter. In order to learn something about the nature
of these changes it is necessary to go more deeply into the structure of
matter.
5. All matter is known to be composed of
tiny particles, called molecules. A molecule is the smallest part of any
substance that still has the properties and the make up of that substance.
6. Matter has inertia. All bodies at rest
tend to remain at rest. If a force is applied slowly. The body begins to move
slowly. The body that is in motion tends to keep on moving. This property is
called inertia.
7. The fundamental law of matter is that
it can neither be created nor destroyed. This is known as the law of
conservation of matter.
2 A Say
whether the following statements are true or false
B Correct the false ones
2.1 There is no difference between compounds
and mixtures. Both mixture and
compounds may vary in
composition.
2.2 The melting and evaporation points of
different substances vary widely.
2.3 The higher the temperature, the more
slowly the molecules move.
2.4 The
faster the molecules move, the more room they require, and the greater
the volume.
2.5 All
states of matter represent
the same degree of organization
to which
there correspond certain values of
binding energy.
2.6 The ability of some kind of matter to
unite with each other and change into
a different kind of matter shows
chemical properties of matter.
3 State the
functions of Gerunds and
Gerundial Complexes proceeded
by
prepositions
Translate the sentences in all possible ways
3.1 In losing an electron, a neutron lead
atom becomes positively charged.
3.2 Seven years after isolating radium chloride, Marie Curie
obtained pure
radium.
3.3 After discovering atom nucleus,
Rutherford continued bombarding atom
interiors with alpha bullets and
succeeded in obtaining hydrogen ions
out of
other elements.
3.4 The
X-rays and ultraviolet
light upon reaching
the earth from
the sun
disturb the ionization layer
in our atmosphere for which radio waves are
normally reflected.
3.5 Iron is obtain from its ore by mixing
the ore with limestone.
4 Fill
in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list given below
(pay-
ing attention to the Infinitive
Translate the sentences paying
attention to the infinitive
used as adverbial
modifier of result
to hold to
produce to be
observed
to be seen to
vaporize to form
4.1 Hydrogen and oxygen combine
chemically ____________ the
molecules
H2O.
4.2 Lunar gravitation is too weak
____________ the gases of an atmosphere.
4.3 Lavas generally do not have crystals large enough
____________clearly
with an unaided eye.
4.4 The telescope showed that myriads of
stars existed that were too dim _____
with an unaided eye.
4.5 The temperature of the sun’s surface
is high enough ___________ any form
of matter, but not high
enough __________ X-rays.
Unit 4
Grammar: Infinitive, Gerund, Participle (Revision)
Текст-задание для самостоятельного
перевода(с разметкой)
How prestressed concrete works
What happens when any
beam carries a load? It bends and its
center sags lower than its ends *(1). Thus the bottom fibers are stretched
while the top fibers are compressed. Since concrete resists compression well,
the designer puts enough of it in the top to absorb all the compression
safety*(2).On the other hand, since the concrete has very little tensile
strength – but steel has a lot – he inserts steel bars to take care of tensile
stresses.
The trouble is that concrete
shrinks as it hardens. The reinforcing bars, however, do not shorten much and
consequently offer resistance to the concrete shrinkage, actually putting the bars
in compression*(4;5). When the concrete is loaded, the load causes
considerable tension in the reinforcement. Since this reinforcement started out
with a slight compression, and then in turn is subjected to considerable
tension, it is obvious that its change in lengths is of such magnitude that the
concrete cannot usually follow; it cracks.
In prestressing, concrete’s
virtue of high compressive strength is used to compensate for its lack of
tensile strength through a very different concept in the use of reinforcing
steel*(6;7).
Steel wires are strung
through a concrete beam, for example, are stretched and then anchored at the
ends of the beam when the concrete is hard, to put a “squeeze” on the beam. The
wires either are strung through a hole in the beam provided by a mold, and are
tensioned against the of the beam (we shall call this process post-tensioning),
or else they are stretched first and held by some anchorage, after which the
concrete is poured around them*(8). When the concrete is hard, the wires cut
and ends of the wires return to their original shape outside the beam – because
the stress is relived there – and act as wedges to help hold the wires bonded
to the concrete in tension*(9).
In prestressing, the
concrete in the beam is squeezed so that it is always in compression, and any
tensile stresses that might appear due to loading, and cause cracks, are
automatically canceled out. The application of the stresses before the beam is
loaded is the basis for the name “prestressed
concrete”*(10;11).
The advantage of prestressed
concrete are:
a) It is economical of materials due to the of higher steel and concrete
stresses.
b) It eliminates cracks because the concrete is always in compression.
c) It permits less depth of beam as related to the span, and hence gives
more headroom.
d) Beam do not have to be cast at the site in one form, but may be cast in
small section or blocks at the factory with reinforcing wires threaded through
them. When the wires are stressed, the small units are brought together like
one large beam.*(12).
e) It develops remarkable resistance to shear stresses.
In one case its resistance to this shearing action was 800 psi.
The items which contribute
most to the higher cost of making prestressed concrete in comparison with
regular reinforced concrete are the special form-work and devices required to
anchor the prestressing steel on the
ends of the beam, and the cost of the actual prestressing operation in the
field*(13;14).
* Найдите в тексте
следующие лексико-грамматические трудности:
1 глагол с узко специальным значением;
2 подчинительный союз;
3 глагол
со специальным значением в данном
случае;
4 Participle I в функции определения;
5 Participle I в функции обстоятельства;
6 Gerund в
функции обстоятельства;
7 Infinitive
в функции обстоятельства;
8 Participle II в функции определения;
9
причастный оборот;
10 Gerund в
функции обстоятельства;
11
сложное сказуемое (состоит из модального глагола инфинитива)
12 Participle I в функции определения;
13 Gerund в
функции определения;
14 Participle II в функции определения.
Computer Machines
What
is a computer? The electronic system of a computer is very complex. Its
electronic brains produce information. It is a complex instrument made up of
hundreds of electronic devices, miles of electronic wire. At a panel desk
connected to the instrument, an operator feeds facts, figures, and symbols into
the machine, to be stored on magnetic tape or punched cards. More than 100,000
pieces of information can be stored in one machine, and when the operator wants
answers, he asks the machine in a special language to process the information
taken from storage, and for solving the problem. How long did it take you to
multiply the large numbers? In one third of a second a computer can multiply
two 127-digit numbers. In one whole second, it can add 4,000 five-digit
numbers; in two seconds it can complete 320 long-division problems. The same
machine does the work of thousands of trained mathematicians in any given time
period, and without the mistakes which human beings are bound to make. The
machine can flash its answers on a screen, can print them on paper, store them
away on magnet tapes or cards. The electronic machine can give any answer or
combination of possible answers, from the information fed to it storage.
Bur
… it is human beings who do the thinking, who feed information to the machines
which help us to find answers and produce facts faster and more accurately.
Machines work for us, but they do not think for us.
1 Прочитайте и
переведите следующие словосочетания
electronic
system, electronic devices, panel desk, magnetic tape, magnetic card,
digit
numbers, long-division problems, human beings, automatic controls.
2 Слова для активизации
to
store, storage, to train, to flash, to print, tape, card, channel desk, digit,
brain,
digit
numbers, to feed(fed, fed), symbols, to multiply, to process.
3 Вопросы
3.1
Is the electronic system of a computer very complex?
3.2
What do its electronic brains do?
3.3
What is a computer made up of?
3.4
What does an operator do at a panel desk?
3.5
How many pieces of information can be stored in one machine?
3.6
How does the operator speak to a machine?
3.7
How much time does it take a computer to process the information?
3.8
Where is the information of a computer stored?
3.9
How does a computer give its answers?
3.10
Machines work for us, do they?
4 Замените
английскими эквивалентами русские слова в скобках
4.1 (Электронные мозги) called (цифровыми) computer
(выдают,
производят) information.
4.2
A computer is a (сложный) instrument made up of hundreds of electronic
(приборов).
4.3An
operator at a (пульте управление, вводит) facts, figures, and symbols
into
the machine.
4.4
All these (данные, цифры и символы) are stored on magnetic (ленте) or
on (карточках).
4.5
More than 100,000 pieces of information (могут храниться) in one
machine.
4.6An operator asks the machine in a special language (обрабатывать)
information taken from (хранилище).
4.7
In one third of a second a computer can (умножить) two 127-(цифровых
чисел).
4.8
A computer can (закончить) 320 long-division problems in two seconds.
5 Выразите своё согласие или несогласие с данными утверждениями
5.1 A computer can …
produce
information;
multiply
large digit numbers;
complete
long-division problems;
answer
without mistakes;
store
the information.
5.2
A computer does the work of thousands of trained mathematicians.
5.3
A computer works for human being.
5.4
A computer a) can b) cannot think for
us.
6 Определите
типы придаточных предложений и задайте вопросы к ним
и к главной части предложений
6.1When the operator wants answers, he asks the machine in a special
language.
6.2It
is human beings who do the thinking, who feed information to the
machine which helps us to find answers.
Analogue and Digital
Computers
An
analog computer is a device that simulates the behaviour of another system,
usually a physical system, in all its states. A very simple and widely used
analogue computer is the slide-rule on which distances are equivalent to
logarithms of numbers. The devices known as analogue computers are assemblies of
electronic or electrical circuits the behavior of which is analogous to another
(mechanical) system’s behavior. The digital computer differs from the analogue
computer in that it deals with numbers and not physical quantities. The
simplest digital computer is the human hand, from which the decimal system is
derived. The first man-made digital computers was probably the abacus, which is
still used in many countries.
The
evolution of the adding machine has culminated in electronic digital computers
in which electronic signals are used as the operative discrete signals. When an
ordinary desk calculating machine is used, the operator controls the sequence
of operations. He supplies the input data and records the results. Also he may
have to provide additional information from tables and other sources during the
calculation. In the case of electronic computers, working at extremely high
speeds, the human operators are replaced by automatic devices. It is necessary,
however, to provide a store to hold both the numbers that are fed into the
computer and the operating instruction.
The basic sections of digital computers are therefore:
Input:
receives the “raw data” and instructions from external sources and
converts
them into a suitable from for the computer to work on.
Store:
memorizes numbers and instructions.
Calculator:
does mathematical operations.
Control:
initiates and follows the sequence of operations.
Output:
presents the result of the calculations in an acceptable form.
1 Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания
analog
computers, digital computers, mechanical system, decimal system, physical
quantities, electronic signals, the operative discrete signals, desk
calculating machine, the sequence of operations, the input data, extremely high
speed, the basic sectors, external sources.
2 Слова для активизации
analog,
digital, to simulate, slide-rule, logarithms, assemblies, decimal, abacus,
evolution, discrete, input, output, calculation, calculator, sequence, “raw data”,
to differ, to derive, to deal with, to culminate, to supply, to record, to
provide, to hold, to memorize, to initiate.
3 Вопросы
3.1 What is an analog computer?
3.3
The slide-rule is a very simple and widely used analog computer, isn’t it?
3.4
Can analogue computers be described as assemblies of electronic or
electrical
circuits?
3.5
What is the difference between the digital computer and the analog one?
3.6
Where is the decimal system derived from?
3.7
Was the abacus the first man-made digital computer?
3.8
Has the evolution of the adding machine culminated in the creation of
electronic
digital computers?
3.9 Are electronic signals used in digital computers as the operative
discrete
signals?
3.10
What’s the task of the operator when using an ordinary desk calculating
machine?
3.11
The operator supplies the input data and records the results when working
with
a desk calculating machine, doesn’t he?
3.12
Does the operator do the same job (supply the data and record the results)
in
the case of electronic computers?
3.13
What job is done by the input?
3.14
Does the store memorize numbers and instructions?
3.15
The calculator does mathematical operations, doesn’t it?
3.17
What’s the task of the control?
3.18
What is the last section of the computer?
3.19
How many sections does the computer consist of?
4 Дайте
английские эквиваленты русским словам в скобках
4.1
Electronic (цифровые) computers are used in many countries.
4.2
The (счёты) was the first (искусственный) digital computer.
4.3
In digital computers electronic signals are used as the (дискретные,
отдельные) signals.
4.4
An operator supplies the computer with the (входными данными) and
(записывает) the results.
4.5
A human operator is replaced by (автоматическими приборами).
4.6
The (сырьё) and instructions for the computer are supplied by the input.
4.7
The (накопитель) (запоминает) numbers and instructions.
4.8
The (расчетчик, вычислитель) does mathematical operations.
4.9
The (задача) of the control is to (инициировать) and follow the
(последовательность) of operations.
4.10
The (выход, выходные данные) represents the results of the
(вычислений) in an
(приемлемой) form.
5 Выразите
своё согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями
5.1 An analog computer is a device that
simulates …
the
behaviour of another system;
does
not simulate the behaviour of another system;
the
slide-rule.
5.2 Analog computers are …
assemblies
of electrical circuits;
assemblies
of electronical and electrical circuits.
5.3 The digital
computer …
differs
from the analog computer;
is
alike the analog computer.
5.4 The digital computer deals
with …
numbers;
physical
quantities.
5.5 The operator controls …
the
sequence of operations;
the
input data.
5.6 Automatic devices …
can
replace the human operators;
cannot
replace the human operators.
5.7 The digital computers have …
4
basic sections;
5 basic sections.
6 Определите
типы придаточных предложений, задайте вопросы к ним и
к главной части предложений
6.1
The simplest digital computer is the human hand, from which the decimal
system
is derived.
6.2
When an ordinary desk calculating machine is used the operator controls the
sequence
of operations.
Signal and Signaling
Safe operation of freight and passenger
trains requires a system of signaling. To inform the locomotive and train crew
of the position of other trains in relation to their own, signals installed at
frequent intervals give indications which are visible both by day and by night.
Wayside signals installed along railroad tracks are called fixed signals.
We know that semaphore used to be the
most common type of the signal. The relative position of the semaphore arm
constituted the signal.
To indicate “stop” a horizontal arm was
used. “Proceed” was indicated by a vertical arm. To give restrictive (i.e.
cautionary) indications the arm was inclined up or down.
Colored light give the indications at
night. The semaphore mechanism is equipped with lenses illuminated by a lamp,
so that a red light shows when the semaphore is in the “stop” position, a green
light – when the semaphore is in the “proceed” position, and a yellow light –
when the semaphore is in the restrictive position. The color-light signal
sometimes used in known to have semaphore arm and give both day and night indications
be means of red, green and yellow lights. We know some signals to be operated
by hand, others to be automatic.
Locomatives on some railroads are known
to be equipped with apparatus located in the cab, which gives a continuous
indication to the engineman identical with that shown by wayside signals.
By cab signals the engine crew is
supposed to be always informed of conditions ahead regardless of the weather
that affects the man’s ability to see wayside signals. Locomotive cab signals
are equipped to give audible warnings whenever the aspect changes to one more
restrictive. A protective device is installed on some railroads to apply the
brakes automatically and bring a train to a stop if, for any reason, a “stop”
signal should be passed. It is called automatic train control. The first
signals installed are known to have been hand-operated, usually by station
employees.
1 Слова для активизации
to install, to proceed, to incline, to
apply; indication, wayside, protective,
automatic train control.
2 Вопросы по тексту
2.1 Why is a system of signaling necessary?
2.2 What are fixed signals? Where are they installed?
2.3 What is the most common type of the signal?
2.4 What does a horizontal arm indicate?
2.5 What does a vertical arm indicate?
2.6 How does the arm give restrictive (cautionary) indications?
2.7 When are coloured lights used?
2.8 How do coloured lights indicate the positions?
2.9 Why do cab signals so important?
2.10 What for is a protective device installed on some railroads?
3 Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык
regardless of the
weather, belt railway, elevated railway, multiple-track railway, street
railway, suburban railway, suspended railway, classification tracks, dispatch
track, passing track, marshalling track, track circuit, fail-safe rolling of
locomotive, baggage-and-mail car, power-car, testing car, push car, rear-end
car, flat car, autonomous car, brake axle, double(single)-arm semaphore.
4 Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык
4.1 Известно, что семафор
раньше был самым распространенным
сигналом.
4.2 Железнодорожные сигналы
устанавливаются с определенной
частотностью интервалов.
4.3 Мы знаем, что световые
сигналы (красный, зеленый, желтый) дают
указания в ночное время.
4.4 Сейчас, как известно,
многие сигналы являются автоматическими.
4.5 Известно, что локомотивы
на некоторых железных дорогах
оборудованы аппаратурой, расположенной в кабине, которая даёт
машинисту такие же сигналы, как и те, что дают сигналы
путевые (на
перегоне).
4.6 Предохранительное
устройство, установленное на некоторых
железных дорогах, дает возможность применять автоматические
тормоза для остановки поезда.
4.7 Это устройство
называется скоростная авторегулировка.
4.8 Известно, что раньше
сигналы подавались вручную станционными
служащими.
5 Определить функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях и переведите их
на русский язык
5.1 It is known that a signal to be utilized by day is substituted by
coloured lights at night.
5.2 A dispatcher had to control train movements over a section of track.
5.3 The terms of the reconstruction work to be carried out are given
below.
5.4 The most difficult task for engineers to decide before beginning to
build any railroad is to find a proper strip of land for this purpose.
5.5 The engineers wanted cab signals to be located in the locomotive
cab.
5.6 The railroad engineers are said to be improving a protective device
on the locomotives.
5.7 The
efficiency coefficient of electric locomotives is stated to be much higher than
of steam locomotives.
5.8 That railroad seems to have been the first in the world.
5.9 The coloured light is changed to put the signal into a restrictive
position.
5.10 It was very important to install the block signals on all the
railroads.
5.11 The system may be further developed to include control of the
brakes to attain optimal braking effect.
5.12 Special signals to be installed along railroads will help enginemen
to drive trains without accidents.
Television
In a television system two separate
transmitters are employed – one for the sound channel and the other for the
picture channel. The sound transmitter is frequency-modulated and
simultaneously transmitters the sound whish accompanies the image. Each
transmitter has its own antenna.
The image being televised is received by
the television camera whish converts electrical impulses into optical impulses.
These electrical impulses are amplified by the video or picture amplifier.
After proper amplification, the video signal modulates the high-frequency
carrier of the television transmitter and is radiated into space by the aerial.
The picture carried is amplitude-modulated. The antenna receives both modulated
sound signals that are transmitted on carriers. The carriers differ in
frequency so that are transmitted on carriers. The carries differ in frequency
so that they may be separated in the receiver. The signals are passed to the
radio frequency selector by means of which the necessary station is tuned in.
The frequency-modulated signals of the sound channel and the
amplitude-modulated signals of the video channel pass from the converter. These
signal are amplified and separated by the circuit blocks. They reach the loud-speaker
and the kinescope, respectively.
1 Прочитайте и
переведите следующие словосочетания
sound channel, picture channel, television system, optical image, video
amplifier, picture carrier, high frequency carrier, frequency modulated
transmitter, low-frequency carrier, video-frequency carrier; proper
amplification, radio-guided, ground-guided, air-controlled, radio-controlled,
wire-controlled, wire-guided.
2 Слова для активизации
channel, frequency, carrier, to modulate, to tune in, to amplify,
amplifier, video, optical, to convert.
3 Вопросы по тексту
3.1 What transmitters are employed in a television system?
3.2 What transmitter transmits the sound?
3.3 What accompanies the image?
3.4 What is the image received by?
3.5What part of the system converts electrical impulses into
optical
impulses?
3.6 What part of the system amplifies electrical impulses?
3.7 What does the video-signal modulate?
3.8 By what element of the system is the video signal radiated into
space?
3.9 What signals does the antenna receive?
3.10 Where are these signals transmitted on?
3.11 Are the carriers alike in frequency?
3.12 Where are the signals passed?
3.13 How is the necessary
station tuned in?
3.14 Where do the signals of the sound channel and the signals of the
video
channel pass from?
3.15 What are these signals amplified and separated?
4 Переведите предложения, выразите своё согласие или несогласие с
данными утверждениями
4.1 In a television system …
two transmitters are employed;
the sound accompanies the image;
optical image is converted into impulses;
proper amplification is necessary.
4.2 The video signal …
modulates the high-frequency carrier;
is radiated into space;
is radiated by the aerial.
4.3 The video amplifier amplifies electrical impulses.
4.4 The sound transmitter is frequency-modulated. The
frequency-modulated
sound transmitter is in use.
4.5 The picture carrier is amplitude modulated. The amplitude-modulated
picture carrier is in use.
5 Дайте английские эквиваленты русских слов в скобках
5.1A television system (использует) а (звуковой) channel and a picture
channel.
5.2 Optical (образ) is converted by the television camera.
5.3 The video signal modulates the high-frequency (несущая).
5.4 The necessary station is (настраивается) in
by the radio frequency selector.
5.5 The picture and the sound are (передаются) (одновременно).
5.6 These signals are (усиливаются) and (разделяются) by the circuit
blocks.
6 Задайте друг другу вопросы, пользуясь следующими косвенными
вопросами
6.1 Ask him/her how many transmitters are employed in a television
system.
6.2 Ask him/her how many antennas the transmitters have.
6.3 Ask him/her how electrical impulses are converted into optical
impulses.
6.4 Ask him/her what signals the antenna receives.
6.5 Ask him/her how the necessary station is tuned in.
The
Television Transmitter
The
Television Receiver
The
television transmitter sends out special signals. These signals are
sent out in addition to the picture impulses.
The signals synchronize the picture at the receiver with the picture picked up
by the camera.
At
the television receiver, the picture and audio signals are picked up
simultaneously by a signal antenna. The voltages induced in the receiver; and
the picture carrier and the sound carrier are converted by syperheterodyne
conversion method into two separate intermediate frequency signals. One signal
corresponds to the sound carrier and the other – to the video or picture
carrier. Two separate intermediate frequency amplifier channels are employed,
one for the picture signal and the other for the sound signal. The sound
intermediate frequency signal is demodulated by a detector. After proper
amplification by the audio amplifier, the sound signal is reproduced by the
loudspeaker in the usual way. The picture intermediate frequency signal is
amplified by several stages having wide-band frequency characteristics and is
then fed into the video (picture) detector, where the intermediate frequency signal
is the demodulated. The video (picture) signal which appear in the output of
the detector is then amplified in a video amplifier , which corresponds to the
audio amplifier in a sound receiver. Only it must pass a much wider range of
frequencies.
The
television receiver includes tube circuits for receiving, amplifying,
and synchronizing the signal, and a large
cathode-ray tube called a kinescope. It converts the video impulses from the
transmitting station into luminous spots on a fluorescent screen. In the
kinescope the amplified video signals are applied to the grid, and trough it
control the intensity of the electron beam.
1 Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания
video
impulses; video amplifier; audio amplifier; radio frequency stage;
detector
output; picture and audio signals; picture and sound carrier; high- and
low-frequency
signals; separate intermediate frequency signals; separate
intermediate
frequency amplifier channels.
2 Слова для активации
to synchronize, to pick up, to feed, to correspond, to modulate, to
demodulate, to reproduce, to separate, to induce, single,
conversion, wide-band,
output, grid, beam, spot, stage, luminous, fluorescent.
3 Сравните значения этих словосочетаний
3.1 super heterodyne conversion method – conversion method;
3.2
frequency signal – sound intermediate frequency signal;
3.3
wide band – wide-band frequency characteristics.
4 Прочитайте, переведите и выразите своё
согласие или несогласие со
следующими утверждениями
4.1 A television receiver includes tube circuits for receiving, amplifying and
synchronizing signals.
4.2
A single antenna picks up the picture and audio signals.
4.3
Intermediate frequency signals correspond to the sound carrier and the
video
carrier.
4.4
Video signals appear in the output of the detector.
5 Дайте английский эквиваленты русских слов в
скобках
5.1
A (единая) antenna is used in the television (приёмнике).
5.2
The picture (несущая) and the sound (несущая) are converted into two
(отдельных) signals.
5.3
One of these signals (соответствует) the video carrier.
5.4
The video signals (появляются) in the output of the detector.
5.5
The television receiver (включает) tube circuits for (приёма), (усиления)
and (синхронизации)
the signals.
5.7
The television receiver (превращает) the video impulses from the
(передающей станции) into (флюоресцирующем) spots on a () screen.
6 Вопросы
6.1What signals does the television transmitter
send out?
6.2
What kind of signals are picked up simultaneously by a single antenna?
6.3
Where are they picked up?
6.4
What kind of carriers are converted by super heterodyne conversion
employed?
6.5
What are these carriers separated into?
6.6
How many intermediate frequency amplifier channels are employed?
6.7
What are these channels used for?
6.8
How many stages amplify the picture intermediate frequency signal?
6.9
When is the intermediate frequency signal demodulated?
6.10
Where is the video signal amplified?
6.11
What does the television receiver include?
6.12
What does the television receiver do with the video impulses?
Colour
Television.
Colour
television is the transmission and reception of images in the full colour. The
colour television system can produce programs both in colour on colour
receivers and in black and white on monochrome receivers. Also, colour
receivers receive monochrome pictures when they are being transmitted.
Colour
transmission contains two basic components – brightness information and colour
information.
Red,
green and blue are the colours that are chosen for colour television.
In a
colour camera an optical system separates the red, green, and blue image
components of a picture and concentrates these three components in separate but
identical colour camera tubes.
Thus,
the output of one tube reacts to the red light image, another – to the green,
and another – to the blue light image.
In a
monochrome kinescope a single electron gun produces an electron beam. The
brightness is controlled by an electron grid, which changes the electron beam
density.
In a
colour kinescope three electron guns produce three electron beams which are
synchronized. The intensities of the beam are controlled by the voltage
corresponding to the green, red and blue components respectively of the colour
picture.
In a
colour receiver the incoming signal goes through frequency and amplitude
selective circuits. In these circuits the brightness component, the colour component
and the horizontal and vertical beam-synchronizing components are separated.
The brightness component is applied simultaneously to each of the three
electron guns. The red, green and blue colour signal voltage components are
obtained and are applied to the three respective kinescope electron guns. They
combine with the brightness components voltage to produce beam intensities
which reproduce the original picture.
1 Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания
1.1 colour information; monochrome television; beam density; identical
tubes; beam intensity; red image components; blue image components; green image
components; red light image; brightness information; electron gun; electron
beam; identical camera tubes; beam intensity control; red, green, and blue
image components of a picture; electron beam density; identical colour camera
tubes.
1.2
frequency selective circuits; amplitude selective circuits; frequency and
amplitude selective circuits; brightness components; vertical
beam-synchronizing components; brightness and colour components; horizontal and
vertical beam synchronizing components.
2 Слова для активизации
colour,
identical, incoming, selective, original, horizontal, vertical, reception,
monochrome,
gun, intensity, density, brightness.
3 Произведите
анализ сложных предложений в тексте, найдите
придаточные
предложения и определите их функцию
4 Вопросы к тексту
4.1 What is colour television?
4.2 What programs can the colour television system produce?
4.3 Can colour receivers receive monochrome pictures?
4.4 What basic components does colour transmission contain?
4.5 What are the colours for colour television?
4.6 What does an optical system of a colour camera do?
4.7 What components does an optical system separate in a colour camera?
4.8 How many components does an optical system concentrate?
4.9 What components changes the electron beam density?
4.10 How do the output of identical colour camera tubes react to the light
image?
4.11 How many electron guns are there in a monochrome kinescope?
4.12 How is the brightness in a monochrome kinescope controlled?
4.13 How many electron guns are there in a colour kinescope?
4.14 How many electron beams are produced by electron guns in a
colour
kinescope?
4.15 How are the intensities of the beam controlled?
4.16 What circuits does the incoming signal go through?
4.17 What components are separated in the colour receiver?
4.18 What colour components are obtained in the receiver?
4.19 To what parts of the kinescope are these components applied?
4.20 With what component do they combine?
4.21 What images does a monochrome receiver receive?
4.22 What images does a colour receiver receive?
5 Дайте английские эквиваленты русских слов в
скобках
5.1 Colour transmission (содержит) two basic components.
5.2 (Выход) of one tube reacts to the red light image.
5.3 The electron grid changes the electron beam (плотность).
5.4 An electron (пушка) produces an electron (луч).
5.5 The voltage (соответствует) the green, red and blue components of the
colour picture.
5.6 An optical system (отделяет) the red, green, and blue image components of
a picture and (сосредотачивает)
these three components in (отдельный) but
(тождественный) colour camera tubes.
6 Переведите предложения, выразите своё согласие или несогласие с
данными утверждениями
6.1 Colour television contains …
brightness information and colour information;
identical camera tubes.
6.2 The output of the tubes reacts to the colour image.
6.3 An electron gun produces an electron beam.
6.4 The beam intensities are controlled by the voltage corresponding to the
green, red, and blue components, respectively.
6.5 The frequency and
amplitude selective circuits …
receive the incoming signals;
separate the horizontal and vertical beam-synchronizing components.
6.6 The red, green, and blue signal voltage
components …
are obtained;
are applied to the three respective electron guns;
combine with the brightness components voltage.
A Dialogue about Colour Television
Question : Can colour television signal be transmitted over the same distances as
monochrome pictures?
Answer : Yes, the radio-frequency carrier frequencies in colour television
transmission are the same as in black-and-white transmission. Colour video
information in the characteristics of the television receiver.
Q : Does the colour television receiver require more servicing than the
monochrome receiver?
A : Yes. There are more tubes and a great many more components used in the
colour television receiver. The greater the number of components, the better
the operational characteristics of the device. This is true of any device with
a greater number of parts than another of identical character.
Q : Can monochrome television receivers be converted to receive colour
broadcasts?
A : Practically speaking no. To convert a black-and-white receiver would
require many special components since the colour tube and its auxiliary parts
are very special. A special chassis for the additional parts would be
necessary, plus additional tubes for the colour circuits plus 100 or so
components.
Q : Does the colour television receiver consume more electrical power than
the black-and-white receiver?
A : Yes, about one and a half times as mush power. It is logical that it
should consume more electrical power because it contains more receiving tubes
and circuits. The power consumption of a colour television receiver is between
300 and 400 watts, with from 150 to 250 watts consumption for a black-and-white
unit. Colour images have some advantages which monochrome images do not have.
Q : Does a colour TV receiver require a special antenna or other elements as
a part of the installation?
A : No. The colour television receiver parts are interchangeable with these
of the monochrome television receiver installation now in use. The antenna used
with a monochrome television receiver will be usable with the colour receiver,
providing that the station or stations transmitting colour programs are the
same as those which are transmitting monochrome pictures. If the colour
receiver is to be used for the reception of a colour transmission from an
ultra-high-frequency station and the monochrome receiver is to be used to
receive programs from a very high-frequency station, an ultra-high-frequency
antenna will be required. There are no such things as antennas specially
designed for colour television reception.
Q : Does the colour television receiver reproduce monochrome transmissions?
A : Yes, it does, provided that the colour television receiver is tuned to
the frequency of the monochrome transmitter.
Q : Is the colour receiver more complicated for operation than the
black-and-white receiver?
A : Yes. The colour receiver is much more complicated for operation than the
black-and-white receiver.
1 Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания
television transmitter; colour television transmitter; colour video
information; main parts; auxiliary parts; additional parts; special parts;
television installation; monochrome television receivers; colour television
receiver installation; ultra-high-frequency station; power consumption; colour
images; monochrome images; a television screen; a television receiver picture
tube screen; colour television; colour television signal.
2 Задайте вопросы к следующим предложениям
2.1Colour television was invented in 1952.
(What? When? )
2.2 The red, green, and blue colour components are applied to the three
kinescope receiver electron guns. (What? Where? )
2.3 The colour television receiver consumes more electrical power than
the
black-and-white receiver because it contains more receiving tubes and
circuits.
(What? Why? )
3 Переведите, выразите своё согласие или несогласие со следующими
утверждениями
3.1 The colour television receiver installation …
requires more servicing than the monochrome television receiver
installation.
consumes one and a half times as mush power as the monochrome television
receiver installation;
has some components interchangeable with those of monochrome television
installation.
3.2 The colour television receiver installation reproduces monochrome
transmissions provided that it is tuned to the frequency of the
monochrome
transmitter.
Literature
1. И.К.
Берлина, М.Г Помпа Учебник английского языка. Москва, 1980.
2. Р.Ф.
Пронина Перевод английской научно - технической
литературы. Москва, 1986.
3. С.А. Хоменко Tests
in the use of technical English. Минск, 2003.
Content
Unit 1………………………………………………………………………..3
Unit 2………………………………………………………………………..7
Unit 3………………………………………………………………………..10
Unit 4………………………………………………………………………..12
Сводный план 2005г., поз. 38
Умит Жунусбековна Жумабекова
Сабит Муталович Нарбаев
Английский язык
Технические тексты и
упражнения для закрепления грамматических тем
Методические указания
Редактор Ж.М. Сыздыкова
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126