АЛМАТИНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ
ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ
Кафедра иностранных языков
УТВЕРЖДАЮ
Проректор по
учебно-методической работе
____________________ Сериков Э.А.
“______”________________ 2005 г.
Английский язык
Методические указания
по развитию навыков перевода
технических текстов (для студентов дневной формы обучения специальностей радиотехники и телекоммуникации)
СОГЛАСОВАНО Рассмотрено и одобрено
на
Начальник
УМО заседании кафедры ИЯ
_______________ Протокол №_9_от 27.06.
“__”____2005__ г. 2005 г.
Редактор _______ Ж.М.Сыздыкова Зав. кафедрой ИЯ
А.С.Мендыгалиева__________
“__”____2005
г.
Специалист по стандартатизации Составитель:
____________Н.М.Голева А.А. Коржинбаева ______________
«_____»
_________ 2005 г.
Алматы
2005
СОСТАВИТЕЛИ: А.А. Коржинбаева. Методические указания по развитию
навыков перевода технических текстов (для
студентов очной формы обучения специальности 050719 – Радиотехника, электроника
и телекоммуникации). – Алматы: АИЭС, 2005. – 35 с.
Методические указания
предназначены для развития умений перевода технических текстов у студентов
специальности радиотехника и связь.
Рецензент: ст. преп. С.Б. Бухина
Печатается по плану издания
Алматинского института энергетики и связи
на 2005 г.
©
Алматинский институт энергетики и связи, 2005 г.
1 A Communications
Model
Communication is a process by which
information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of
symbols, signs, or behaviour.
Verbal communication, commonly
referred to as "talking", is based on a system of spoken symbols that
are used to relay ideas and emotions. It is vital and powerful tool for the
passage of information, the delivery of explanations and instructions, and the
acts of negotiation and persuasion.
To fully understand oral
communication, let's look at the nature of the process. Models are useful in
the engineering discipline, as they are in our daily job-related and personal
communications. A model of communication has been developed by several
theorists in the field.
The basic ingredients of this model
include a source, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, feedback, and
noise. Communication originates in the sources, which may be conceived as a
member of a project team who has some information to transmit. This information
is translated via an encoding process into a set of symbols or language. The
purpose or intent of the source is expressed in the form of a message. The
medium or channel through which the message is carried may take the form of
face-to-face communication, for example, or perhaps a telephone call. The
receiver decodes and interprets the message in light of his own frame of
reference and experience. The feedback, the receiver provides the source,
informs the message initiator whether the communication has been effectively
accomplished. Noise, in the behavioural sense, includes factors such as conceived
value judgements, misinterpretations, and misunderstandings, which can reduce
the message fidelity.
The presentation and discussion of the
model of communication is intended to help the engineer understand why some of
the messages sent are not received as originally intended. For example, care
must be taken in encoding a message. The words selected by the source must
convey precise meaning if the receiver is to decode them as they were intended,
not in light of one's personal value system. This suggests that when one is
sending a message, one should place oneself in the position of the receiver and
prepare and encode the message accordingly. It is often said that one should
use the language of those to whom one is speaking. The engineer, accordingly,
should understand and appreciate the process of decoding as he does the
encoding of the message for transmittal.
Vocabulary
communications model - модель связи
behavior - поведение
verbal communication - устное общение
spoken symbols - речевые знаки
negotiations - переговоры
encoder - кодирующее
устройство; кодировщик
feedback - обратная связь
to translate - преобразовывать, переводить в другую систему
message fidelity - точность (верность) сообщения
ingredient - составная
часть, компонент
to convey - выражать, сообщать, передавать
1. Find the English equivalents of the following words and word
combinations.
техническая дисциплина;
устное общение, коммуникация; на которую обычно ссылаются как на; деловое
общение; проектная группа; набор знаков; согласно его собственной компетенции,
отправитель сообщения; следует быть осторожным; не в собственной интерпретации.
2. Decide if the sentences are true or false.
1. The basic ingredients of a communications model do not include a
source, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, feedback and noise.
2. Verbal communication is not considered to be a vital and powerful
tool for the passage of information, the delivery of explanations and
instructions.
3. The engineer should understand and appreciate the process of
decoding as he does the encoding of the message for transmittal.
4. Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between
individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior.
5. The presentation and discussion of the model of communication is
intended to help the engineer understand why some of the messages sent are not
received as originally intended.
3. Find synonyms.
information, a target, vital, for instance, commonly, intelligence,
job-related, person, fidelity, essential, symbol, individual, a purpose, to
suggest, for example, character, to apply, accuracy, to propose, through, to
relay, usually, to use, a set, via, to originate, to transmit, verbal, a
collection, to stem from, business, oral.
4. Complete the sentences with antonyms of
the words in black type.
1. In different cases this tool may be both vital and ... . 2. Yesterday there was much noise here, but today there is ... . 3. The transmitter and the ... are the main devices in radiosignal
transmission. 4. I hope, I understood
him correctly. And you? I'm afraid, I ... . 5. In January the prices were reduced, but in March they ...
again.
5. Write the following words under the
correct heading.
individual, passage, vital, basic, intent, medium, own, telephone,
powerful, experience, sense.
Noun Adjective Noun and adjective
______ ________ ______________
______ ________ ______________
______ ________ ______________
________ ______________
6. Match the first part of the sentence (1-6)
with the second part (a-f).
1. Communication
is a process by which information a.
via an encoding process into a set of symbols or a language.
2. Verbal communication
is based b.
the language of those to whom one is speaking.
3. Models are useful in the engineering discipline,
c. is exchanged
as they are between individuals.
4. The information is translated
d. in encoding process a message.
5. Care must be taken e.
on a system of spoken symbols.
6. It is often
said that one should use f.
in our daily job-related and personal communications.
7. Write out the text words, word
combinations for describing the procedure of encoding the message.
8. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the basic ingredients of a communications model?
2. Where does communication originate?
3. The purpose of the source is expressed in the form of a message,
isn't it?
4. How does the receiver decode and interpret the message?
5. What is the presentation and discussion of the model of
communication intended for?
6. How should one behave sending a message?
7. How should the engineer treat the processes of decoding and encoding
the message for transmittal?
9. Fill in the boxes of the following logical
diagram of the text with Russian equivalents.
basic
ingredients of a communications model
2 Modern Light-Wave Communications Technology
A
decade ago, the concept of using light pulses instead of electrical signals to
transmit information was only that - a concept. Today, lightwave communications
systems are among the most sophisticated transmission systems in the
telecommunications network. They are at once efficient, versatile and relatively
inexpensive to install and maintain.
The
efficiency of lightwave systems is perhaps their most renowned quality. They
carry enormous amounts of information over long distances at very high speeds.
Consider, for example, the speed and capacity of the Bell System's long
distance lightwave system. Light pulsing through a single, hair-thin glass
fiber in this system can transmit the entire contents of Webster's unabriged
dictionary - more than 2700 pages - over thousands of miles in only six
seconds.
No
less impressive than this tremendous speed and capacity is the versatility of
light-wave systems. Because they are digital systems, they can transmit easily
any of these types of information: voice signals, high-speed data signal, and
television signals. Without undermining quality or efficiency, a single system
can accommodate thousands of telephone conversations, and alternately handle
data or video signals.
Finally,
lightwave systems are inexpensive to install and operate compared to their
wire-and-cable counterparts. Moreover, they allow considerable savings.
The
reasons for such savings stem from the technology of lightwave communications.
Conventional telecommunications transmission is based on the conduction of
electrons through metal (usually copper wires). Lightwave systems, however,
substitute protons for electrons and glass fibers for copper. These
technological differences translate into big savings the most significant of
which is in construction costs. Because lightguide cables are only a fraction
of the diameter and weight of copper cables, they are easy to handle and take
up far less space. They can be installed in existing underground ducts and
right-of-ways, sometimes right next to copper cables.
In
addition, lightwave systems eliminate certain equipment and operating costs.
They are immune to electromagnetic interference, and therefore require no
protection from it. Also, light can travel much farther through lightwave
cables without regeneration than can electrons through copper carrier systems.
This is because the light encounters little resistance from the very pure glass
fibers through which it travels. Lightwave systems require significantly fewer
signal regenerators than do electrical digital carrier systems: typically one
every ten miles instead of one every mile.
Vocabulary
light pulse - световой импульс
lightwave communications system - система связи с использованием световых волн
voice signal - речевой сигнал
accommodate - включать,
охватывать
to substitute for - заменять,
замещать
lightguide cable - световодный
кабель
carrier system - многоканальная система связи
signal regenerator - регенератор сигнала
electrical digital carrier system - система электрической многоканальной цифровой связи
1. Find the English equivalents of the following words and word
combinations.
идея использования;
полное содержание; их самое известное свойство; на большие расстояния;
неадаптированный словарь; приводят к большой экономии; традиционный (обычный);
прокладка (кабеля); канал; исключать; только частица в диаметре и по весу;
полоса отчуждения; невосприимчивы к электромагнитной интерференции; огромная
скорость; по сравнению с; разносторонность; устанавливать.
2. Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1. The concept of using light pulses instead of electrical signals to
transmit information is not new.
2. The efficiency of lightwave systems is not their most renowned
quality.
3. Lightwave systems can transmit various types of information: voice
signals, high-speed data signals and television signals
4. Conventional telecommunications transmission is not based on the
conduction of electrons through metal.
3. Match the words (1-10) from the text with
the definitions (a-j).
1. transmission a. a set of wires
covered with plastic, etc. for carrying electricity or signals
2. existing b. good and
thorough with no waste of time, money or energy
3. instead of c. the action of
sending sth out from one person, machine or thing to another
4. cable d.
in the place of sb/sth
5. diameter e.
that is already there or being used
6. distance f. (in physics)
having both electrical characteristics and the ability to attract metal objects
7. duct g.
the space between two places or things
8. efficient h. a series of
radio waves, etc. that are sent out or received
9.
electromagnetic i. a
tube for carrying liquid, gas, electric or telephone wires
10. signal j. a straight
line, that goes from one side to the other of a circle, passing through the
centre
4. Find the synonyms and translate.
to substitute, whole, conversation, amount, complex, to replace, to
set, entire, to cover, conventional, tremendous, sophisticated, to stem from,
number, to install, speed, talking, traditional. to spring up, renowned,
velocity, famous, to accommodate, enormous.
5. Find the opposite of the words in the
text.
1. expensive ________
2. simple ________
3. inefficient ________
4. unknown ________
5. little ________
6. hardly ________
7. with ________
8. simultaneously ________
9. similarity ________
10. receptive ________
6. The words below can take the prefixes dis-, pre- or un-. Write a
prefix in front of each word. (Some can take more than one prefix).
1. ___ abriged 6.
___ sell
2. ___ generator 7.
___ continue
3. ___ appear 8.
___ position
4. ___ equal
9. ___ fair
5. ___ school 10.
___ load
7. Complete the sentences with the given
words: stem, enormous, copper,
conventional, capacity, encounters, electrons.
1. It is better to apply the advanced method than ____ one. 2. The new
system can transmit ____ pieces of data. 3. The computer has ____ to store and
work out vast amounts of information. 4. Where did the language ____? 5.
Lightwave systems substitute protons for ____, and glass fibers for ____. 6.
The light ____ little resistance from the very pure glassfibers.
8. Answer the following questions.
1. Is the idea of using light pulses instead of electrical signals to
transmit information new?
2. Do the light-wave communications systems belong to the most
sophisticated transmission systems?
3. What are the qualities of lightwave communications systems?
4. Do the lightwave systems eliminate certain equipment and operating
costs?
5. Are they immune to electromagnetic interference?
6. Can light travel much farther through lightguide cables without
regeneration than electrons?
7. Do lightwave systems require significantly fewer signal regenerators
than electrical digital carrier systems?
9. Write out of the text words, word
combinations for describing advantages of lightwave systems, the technological
differences between conventional telecommunications transmission and lightwave
systems. Use these words for discussing it with your group-mate.
transmission
system lightwave
communication system transmission
of voice
signals high-speed
data signals television
signals
10. Fill in the boxes of the following
logical diagram of the text with Russian equivalents.
3 Videoconferencing
A
videoconference lets people in different places see and hear each other at the
same time. People use it for education, business and community events. Students
can learn about different cultures in real time, and go on virtual field trips
without leaving home. Businesses use it for meetings and job interviews because
it saves money and time in travelling. Libraries and town halls can use it to
bring people together for community meetings and other special activities.
Videoconferencing
needs a Web camera and videoconferencing software. You can use the Internet, a
Local Area Network (LAN) or an Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) to
have a videoconference. A LAN is usually a closed network connected by wire
cables. ISDN uses telephone lines but needs special adaptors instead of modems
to send data.
Videoconferencing
over the public Interne is not always reliable because the amount of data that
you can send depends on bandwidth. Public telephone lines have a low bandwidth
and usually give small video frames, poor picture quality and slow delivery.
Broadband sends more information over the Internet at faster speeds but it is
expensive.
Videoconferencing
tips
Keep your eyes on the web
cam to show you are interested.
Move slowly and talk in a
strong, clear voice because of the small time delay in videoconferencing.
Wear dark or neutral colours
as bright colours and patterns can affect picture quality.
Vocabulary
community events - общественные мероприятия
job review - собеседование
adaptor - переходное
устройство
reliable - надежный
bandwidth - ширина полосы
частот (пропускания)
frame - кадр
broadband - широкий диапазон
частот
to tip - предупреждать
time delay - время задержки
pattern - зд. рисунок, узор
(на материи и т.п.)
1. Answer the following questions:
1. What does a videoconference let people do?
2. What can students use a videoconference for?
3. What does the amount of data sent via the public Internet depend on?
4. Is the public Internet reliable?
5. What problems are there with bandwidth?
6. What are the guidelines for having a videoconference?
2. Find the synonyms of the words in the text.
1. to utilize _______
2. similar _______
3. to preserve _______
4. particular _______
5. attached _______
6. to notify _______
7. to demonstrate _______
8. to influence _______
3. Complete the definitions below with the
words in the text. Learn the definitions.
1. A _______ allows people in different parts of the world to have a
meeting by watching and listening to each other using video screens.
2. _______ means made to appear to exist.
3. The program used by a computer is _______.
4. An _______ is a device for connecting pieces of electrical equipment
that were not designed to be fitted together.
5. A _______ is a single image in a video clip.
6. Information that is stored by a computer is _______ .
7. ______ means that you can trust.
8. ______ is a device that connects a computer to the Internet. It
changes computer data into sound which can be sent over telephone lines.
9. A network of computers within a single building or group of nearby
buildings stands for ______ .
10. ______ is an international communications standard for sending data
over digital telephone lines.
4. Decide if the sentences are true or false.
1. Libraries use videoconferencing for job interviews.
2. ISDN needs modems to send data.
3. You should keep your eyes on the Web cam in a videoconference if you
want to show you are interested.
4. Public telephone lines give a slow delivery.
5. The amount of data you can send doesn't depend on bandwidth.
5. Match the first part of the sentence with
the second part.
1. Public
telephone lines have a.
because it saves money and time in travelling.
2.
Videoconferencing needs b.
tips to wear dark or neutral colours.
3. Businesses use
videoconferencing c.
a low bandwidth and usually gives small video frames.
4. To have a
videoconference you can use d.
a Web camera and videoconferencing software.
5. Videoconferencing e.
the Internet, LAN and ISDN.
6. Translate the following sentences into
English using the new words.
1. Собеседование
длилось два часа. 2. Это надежный и проверенный способ. 3. Вы обязаны посещать
все общественные мероприятия. 4. Переходник - устройство для соединения деталей
оборудования, если они не соответствуют друг другу по конструкции. 5.
Министерство здравоохранения предупреждает о вреде курения.
7. Work in groups. Imagine that you are going to have a videoconference
with the University from another country.
Think of how to introduce yourself.
Make up a list of questions to ask the students about their country.
Decide what to show and tell them about your university, country,
customs and culture.
Decide what to wear and how to move.
Think of how to end your videoconference.
8. Learn the following Useful Words and
Phrases you may use in any meeting, discussion, conferencing, etc.
Ladies and Gentlemen, are we ready to begin?
OK then, perhaps we could make a start?
I have a great pleasure to introduce ...
Our first speaker, Mr. .. will speak on ...
I declare the meeting open (closed).
Now, let us turn to the point.
I'd like to attract your attention to ...
If you look at this diagram ...
Do you see what I mean ...
My question is as follows ...
I'd like to ask a question concerning ...
In addition, I'd like to mention.
9. Distribute the words below into the three
columns.
action process doer
adaptor, meeting, videoconference, send, produce, affect, user,
activity, travelling, let
10. Find out of the text a part concerning
how videoconferencing works. Translate it.
4 Introduction to
the WWW and the Internet
Millions of people around
the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts
of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government,
humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through
electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of
informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business
transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of
networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same
basic ways.
The
World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of
networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a
web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web
browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide
Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of
the WW , and more than half the information that is transferred across the
Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware)
connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program
(software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide
Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local
providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a
graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web
by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These
items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a
document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet.
The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.
All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radiostations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on The WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.
Just
a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use
and fun it is.
Vocabulary
WWW - "Всемирная
паутина"
to retrieve - извлекать
variety - разнообразие,
спектр
recreation - развлечение
humanities - гуманитарные
науки
business transactions - коммерческие операции
to browse - рассматривать, разглядывать
broadcast live - передавать в прямом эфире
hyperlink - гиперссылка
to complete - соревноваться
1. Answer the following questions.
1. What is Internet used for?
2. Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are
possible through the Internet?
3. What is WWW?
4. What is Web browser?
5. What does a user need to have an access to the WWW?
6. What are hyperlinks?
7. What resources are available on the WWW?
8. What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?
2. Which of the listed below statements are
true/false. Specify you answer using the text.
1. There are still not so many users of the Internet.
2. There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet,
including education and weather forecast.
3. People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.
4. Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the
information in the same basic way.
5. Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs
to step by step enter links and addresses.
6. Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.
7. You can access information available on the WWW through the Web
browser.
8. Radio and TV-broadcasting is a picture of Internet. They're not
available yet.
3. Find the equivalents of the given words in
the text and complete the sentences below by putting one word in each space.
форум, набор, паутина,
инструмент, чрезвычайно, компьютерное оборудование, часть, представлять
(собой).
1. To be connected to the Internet we require _______ and a special
software.
2. _____ that gives you access to the WWW is called a Web browser.
3. WWW is not _____ of networks.
4. Each link may _____ a document, an image, a video clip or an audio
file.
5. _____ is one of the means of informational exchange on the Internet.
6. The number of users, resources and services on the WWW is growing
_____ fast.
7. Information on the WWW is connected or linked together like _____ .
8. Through the interface you move from site to site by using a mouse to
click on _____ of text, icon or region of a map.
4. Match the words (1-10) from the text with
the definitions (a-j). Learn the definitions.
1. Internet a. to be able
to open a file, website, program, database, etc.
2. to retrieve b. a small device
that you move across a surface with your hand to control the movement of the
cursor
3. browser c.
to find information that has been stored
4. to share d. a number of
computers and other devices that are connected together so that equipment and
information can be shared
5. icon e. a
worldwide network that connects millions of computers
6. access f. the
machinery and electronic parts of a computer system that you can touch, such as
the keyboard, the CPU, etc.
7. transaction g. a program that
lets you look at documents on the Internet
8. hardware h.
to divide sth between two or more people
9. mouse i. a small
symbol on a computer screen which
represents a program or a file
10. network j.
a piece of business that is done between people
5. Find out synonyms.
to search for, principally, information, range, to select, topic, to
seek, to save, intelligence, recreation, variety, essentially, to grow, to
choose, subject, to store, to click, entertainment, collection, to increase,
means, to press, exchange, image, set, sharing. picture, way.
6. Find the opposite of the words in the text:
1. narrow ______
2. exclude ______
3. impossible ______
4. disconnect ______
5. different ______
6. separately ______
7. reduce ______
8. slow ______
9. stop ______
10. sadness ______
7. Decide what part of speech the derivatives
belong to. Translate them.
vary - variety, various, variability
recreate - recreation, recreative
provide - provider, provided, provision
compete - competition, competitive, competitor
retrieve - retrievable, retrieval, retriever
inform - informant, information, informative, informer
transfer - transferable, transferal, transference, transferor
explore - exploratory, explorer, exploration
8. Think of and write the advantages and
disadvantages of finding information from the following sources: 1) books; 2)
magazines; 3) newspapers; 4) libraries; 5) encyclopedias; 6) friends or family;
7) teachers; 8) CD-ROMs; 9) television; 10) radio; 11) the Internet. You may
use these words in your work: clear, exact, the latest news, a wide variety,
vital, significant, informal, objective, fast, much slower, urgent, important,
obsolete.
9. Look through the text again and find an
information (the sentences) on different kinds of services available on the WWW. Translate
them into Russian.
10. Lexical Test (revision of vocabulary 1-4)
1. behavior: a) вести, b)глава, c)поведение, d) прохождение, e) заведение;
2. negotiations: a) заговор, b) переговоры, c) договор, d) уговаривать, e) негатив;
3. encoder: a) декодер, b) кодовый знак, c) кодировщик, d) шифр, e) перекодировать;
4. fidelity: a) федерация, b) фестиваль, c) форматировать, d) точность, e) прочность;
5. feedback: a) обратная связь, b) обратная скорость, c) обратный ход, d) спина, e) наполнять;
6. accommodate: a) аккомпанировать, b) оккупировать, c) исключать, d) переключать, e) включать (в себя);
7. to substitute for: a) отменять, b) делить на, c) заменять, d) означать, e) выбрать для;
8. job interview: a) интервью, b) совет, c) рабочее заседание, d) собеседование, e) деловые переговоры;
9. to tip: a) предупреждать, b) обсуждать, c) пропускать, d) верить, e) подразделять;
10. to retrieve: a) вводить, b) загружать, c) привлекать, d) извлекать, e) иметь доступ;
11. recreation: a) развлечение, b) приключение, c) творчество, d) творение, e) творить;
12. frame: a) факел, b) графика, c) основа, d) кадр, e) кубик;
13. variety: a) вариант, b) разнообразие, c) разнообразный, d) отличие, e) сходство;
14. to compete: a) компенсировать, b) комплектовать, c) конфликтовать, d) передавать, e) соревноваться;
15. reliable: a) реальный, b) надежный, c) сильный, d) слабый, e) подходящий.
5 Communicating
Through the Earth
How
do we communicate with people beyond the horizon? What can be made to follow
the curve of earth's surface?
Of
course, we can send electrical signals through wires around any curves. In the
Nineteenth Century, copper wires were strung across the continents and ocean
floors and the world was united through telegraphy. That takes a lot of copper,
though, and a lot of maintenance.
We
could send light-wave signals and do away with wires, but light waves move in a
straight line and won't curve around the earth's bulge. We would have to set up
relay stations or place mirrors in orbit to make that work.
Radio
waves, like light waves but a million times longer, do better. They travel in
straight lines, too, but the upper atmosphere contains regions rich in charged
particles (the ionosphere) that tend to reflect the radio waves. It is as
though there were natural mirrors in the sky. That makes it possible to send
radio signals long distances, and in the Twentieth Century the world was united
without wires.
However,
the ionosphere is affected by the solar wind. When the sun produced flares, an
electrical storm can take place that will disrupt radio communications.
But
short radio waves (microwaves) can go right through the ionosphere and be
amplified and sent on by communications satellites. As communications
satellites improve, signals will be sent from place to place on earth with so
little trouble that it would seem unreasonable to ask for anything better.
What
can go through the earth itself? Light certainly can't. Radio waves can't. We
can't even string wires through the earth to carry electrical signals.
One
thing that does travel through the body of the earth is an earthquake wave, but
it takes a very hard blow to set the earth to vibrating perceptibly.
On
the other hand, certain massless subatomic particles called neutrinos travel at
the speed of light and go through matter as though it weren't there. A beam of
neutrinos could travel through trillions of miles of solid lead and come out
the other end just about unaffected. Neutrinos reach us from every direction
and almost every neutrino that does so passes right through the earth in less
than a 20th of a second (and through us if we are in their path).
This
doesn't mean that neutrinos can't be detected. Out of many trillions, one
neutrino may occasionally combine with an atomic nucleus and induce a
detectable change.
Vocabulary
curve - изгиб, кривая (линия)
to string - натягивать
maintenance - эксплуатация; эксплуатационные расходы
to do away with - уничтожить
flare - вспышка
to disrupt - разрушать, прерывать
perceptibly - заметно, ощутимо
to induce - вызывать, индуктировать
to amplify - усиливать
1. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the disadvantages of using copper wires?
2. How do the light-wave signals move?
3. What is the difference between radio and light waves?
4. What process is proceeding in the upper atmosphere?
5. What is an electrical storm?
6. What waves can go through the ionosphere?
7. What can travel through the body of the earth?
8. What are neutrinos?
9. Can they be detected?
2. Find the English equivalents of the
following words and word combinations.
дно океана, прямая
линия, передающая станция, верхние слои атмосферы, электрическая буря, помеха,
землетрясение, с другой стороны, заметное (ощутимое) изменение, 20-тая доля
секунды.
3. Find the synonyms of the words in the
text.
1. certainly _______ 14. fault _______
2. to relay _______ 15. noticeably _______
3. via _______ 16. strong _______
4. to stretch _______ 17. definite _______
5. ocean depth _______ 18. weightless _______
6. to combine _______ 19. velocity _______
7. to eliminate _______ 20. ray _______
8. to install _______ 21, approximately _______
9. to travel _______ 22. to stand for _______
10. to influence _______ 23. to find _______
11. flash _______ 24. accidentally _______
12. to intercept _______ 25. to occur _______
13. to upgrade _______
4. Complete the sentences with the opposite
of the words in black type. Translate the sentences.
1. It will be better to place the equipment beyond the window than _____ it. 2. Don't unite these things, on the contrary, _____ them! 3. The lines may
be straight and _____. 4. Your
brother is like you, but your sister
is _____ you. 5. The engineers must examine both upper and _____ link. 6. To produce this subject we have to use natural material but not _____ one. 7.
The researchers carried out solar
and _____ exploration. 8. Try to amplify
first, then _____ at once. 9. My complaints are reasonable, but yours are _____ . 10. The changes of your
appearance are perceptible, but his
are _____ . 11. On the one hand it
is important, but _____ it's not time to start this process now. 12. In the
darkness they are detectable and in
the daytime they are _____ .
5. Complete the definitions below with the
words in the text:
1.
… is a piece of metal in the form of a thin thread that is used to
carry electricity.
2.
… is a common reddish-brown metal.
3.
To cause a particular effect or result means … .
4.
Of or about electricity means … .
5.
… is the energy from the sun, a lamp, etc. That allows you to see
things.
6.
To join or mix two or more things stands for … .
6. Compose possible word combinations with
verbs (A) and words (B). Translate.
A B
1. to communicate a.
a big amount of atoms
2. to follow b.
through the space
3. to send c.
emission of radiation
4. to string d.
with people
5. to set up e.
radio communication
6. to travel f.
their space stations
7. to contain g.
a telegram
8. to reflect h.
the example
9. to produce i.
the radio waves
10. to disrupt j.
serious troubles
11. to amplify k.
the most advanced equipment
12. to improve l.
the characteristics of a substance
13. to reach m.
beam of light
14. to detect n.
the copper wires all over the country
7. Decide if the sentences are true (T) or
false (F).
1. The ionosphere is affected by the solar wind. T/F
2. Electrical storm will not disrupt radio communications. T/F
3. We can't even string wires through the earth to carry electrical
signals. T/F
4. An earthquake wave is not able to travel through the earth. T/F
5. Neutrinos reach us from every direction. T/F
6. Neutrinos can't be detected. T/F
8. Make verbs out of the following words and
translate them.
communication, reasonable, maintenance, long, container, reflection,
production, amplification, carriage, meaning, induced.
9. Translate noun + noun constructions. Follow the model.
Model: export oil – нефть для экспорта
Our Institute building, oil export, production achievements, city traffic, study films, research methods, a en percent wage increase, the twentieth century music, the North Pole expedition, foreign language studies, peace policy, space flight section, the Moon Exploration Committee, space research laboratories, a two centimeter thick rope, iron ore deposits, cosmic ray studies, electric power generation, long distance lines, alternating current transformers, wide scale electrification, speed control system studies, accuracy tests, current and voltage measurements, velocity automatic governor, distribution lines, speed change, the plasma electron beam, plate supply source, mass number distribution curve, high voltage transmission line design.
10. Translate the sentences into English
paying attention to the highlighted words which are used in the text.
1. Это оборудование требует
больших эксплуатационных расходов.
2. Мы наблюдали яркую вспышку. 3.
Наш город заметно улучшился. 4.
Слово «лазер» означает усиление
света индуцированным излучением света. 5. Необходимо ликвидировать (уничтожить) все причины загрязнения почвы. 6.
Давайте объединимся под единым
лозунгом.
6 Transistors and
Semiconductor Devices
Devices
consisting of solid pieces of crystalline material which allowed alternating
current to flow more readily in one direction than the other were known long
before the invention of the thermionic valve. The crystal set which became so
well known in the early days of radio depended on the rectifying action at the
point of contact between the surface of certain crystals and a fine wire.
Crystal vales, using silicon crystals, were found to be more efficient for the
very high frequency signals reaching radar receiver than any thermionic valves.
The action of these devices was not understood, but they were all made from
materials which we now classify as semiconductors: substances which let
electric current pass through them more easily than insulators do but much less
easily than do true conductors. These semiconductor devices were used as
rectifiers although by 1924 a scientific worker at the laboratory headed by
Bonch-Bruyevich in Nizhni Novgorod Oleg Losev for the first time in the history
of electronics had achieved amplification using a semiconductor crystal.
Unfortunately, Losev's discovery did not receive due attention.
In 1948 Bardeen and Brattain invented the
point-contact transistor and Shockley invented the junction transistor shortly
after. The transistor is a semiconductor triode possessing characteristics
which are similar in many respects to those of thermionic triodes. At present
transistors are widely used in amplifiers, receivers, transmitters,
oscillators, TV sets, measuring instruments, intricate circuits, computers and
many other types of radio equipment.
The
invention of transistors and solid-state devices led to an acceleration in the
growth of electronics. Why were these new devices so important and why are they
steadily replacing their older equivalents? A brief review of their advantages
compared with thermionic devices will provide the answers to these questions.
Transistors waste very little power. They require no heating to generate their
free electrons. This means that equipment made with transistors is more
efficient, lighter than comparable valve equipment.
Since
no heating is required there is no delay in transistor equipment waiting for
things to warm up, as there is with thermionic valves. This is a great
advantage with "entertainment" equipment, such as radio and
television receivers, and it may be vital with some kinds of measuring or
recording equipment.
Their
very small size and weight, combined with low heat dissipation, permits very
high density packing of components and, in combination with their reliability,
this has made possible the design of the very compact circuits which are
essential for such applications a computers, portable measuring instruments,
satellite instrumentation, etc.
Vocabulary
thermionic valve - электронная лампа
to rectify - выпрямлять, детектировать
crystal set - детекторный приемник
radar receiver - радиолокационный приемник
point-contact transistor - точечно-контактный транзистор
junction - 1. соединение,
сочленение; 2. переход; 3. плоскостной
junction transistor - плоскостной транзистор
instrumentation - контрольно-измерительная аппаратура
crystal valve - кристаллический прибор
1. Answer the following questions.
1. What did the crystal set depend on?
2. What are the semiconductors?
3. What are the transistors used?
4. What advantages do the transistors have?
5. What was invented in 1948?
6. What do the small size and weight of transistors permit?
2. Find the
English equivalents from the text.
во многих отношениях, плотная упаковка, сложная схема, измерительные
приборы, оборудование записи, надежность (прочность), в сочетании с, по
сравнению с, рассеяние тепла, тонкий провод, к сожалению, должное внимание,
развлечение.
3. Decide if the sentences are true or false.
1.
Crystal valves were found to be more efficient for the very low
frequency signals.
2.
Crystal valves were made of semiconductors.
3. Losev's discovery
was paid a great attention.
4. The transistor's
characteristics are similar to those of thermionic triodes.
5. Transistors are used only in amplifiers, receivers and transmitters.
6. The invention of transistors brought about an
acceleration in the growth of electronics.
4. Find the synonyms.
1. to allow a.
entertainment
2. fine b.
currently
3. substance c. to have
4. to achieve d.
significant
5. to possess e. to permit
6. characteristics f.
meter
7. similar g.
thin
8. at present h.
to substitute
9. measuring instrument i.
rise
10. growth j.
to reach
11. vital k.
like
12. to replace l.
matter
13. recreation m.
properties
5. Find the opposite of the words in the
text. Translate.
1. direct current _______
2. soft _______
3. uncertain _______
4. thick _______
5. fortunately _______
6. unlike _______
7. decline _______
8. long _______
9. request _______
10. cooling _______
6. Translate the complex adjectives formed by
"noun + Participle II"
construction.
gas-cooled, liquid-cooled, ice-cooled, rubber-covered, linoleum-covered, metal-covered, engine-driven, steam-driven, hand-made, machine-made, pressure-operated, motor-operated, battery-powered, water-powered, engine-powered.
7. Match the words
(1-10) from the text with the definitions (a-j).
1.
device a. a
material which will transmit electricity or heat
2.
material b.
a thing that has been made or designed by sb for the first
time
3.
invention c. a
tool or piece of equipment
4.
frequency d. a
substance that can be used for making or doing sth
5.
conductor e. an
electronic device which converts small signal changes
to
large
6.
amplifier f.
energy that can be collected and used for operating
machines, making electricity, etc.
7.
advantage g. the
rate at which a sound wave or radio wave moves up
and down
8.
power h.
invention, planning and developing sth for a particular
purpose
9.
equipment i.
something that helps you or that will bring you a good
result
10.
design j.
the things that are needed to do a particular activity
8. Choose the proper suffixes (B) and add
them to the stems (A). Translate the derivatives.
A B
equal - - ure
fail - -
ly
add - -
ence
differ - -
ition
success - -
ful
common - -
less
resist - -
ance
advantage - -
ness;
structure - -
less
use - -
ous
9. Give the following two-way translation.
Retell the dialogue in indirect speech.
Student A: Why are wireless payphones most popular in developing
countries?
Student B: Использование радиотехнологии позволяет охватывать
большие
сельские районы с меньшими затратами. Платные
радиотелефоны позволяют предоставлять населению больший набор услуг.
Student A: In which countries are wireless payphones widely spread?
Student B: Крупнейшая в мире система платных радиотелефонов имеется в
Мексике. Благодаря ей телефонные услуги предоставляются в
самых удаленных областях страны за умеренную плату. Телефоны могут быть модифицированы для приема самых
разнообразных карточек. Разве ты не знаешь, что современные системы способны
обслуживать более, чем 400000 платных телефонов?
Student A: Yes, I do. And besides it is well
known that it offers security and automatic
software upgrades on the
payphones. But have wireless payphones also found a market in major cities, especially where
competition is high?
Student B: Да, конечно. Наиболее продвинутые провайдеры услуг считают
платные радиотелефоны одним из способов расширения своего
поля деятельности. Те, у кого нет
мобильного телефона, могут приобрести карточки временной оплаты и осуществлять
вызовы с платных радиотелефонов.
10. Write out of the text
words, word combinations for describing advantages of transistors. Discuss them
with your groupmate.
7 Multimedia
Multimedia
is any computer application that integrates text, graphics, animation, video,
audio or other methods of communication. Multimedia is different from
television, books or cassettes because it lets you interact with the
application. You can click on a word to make a picture appear, or click on a
picture to start a video.
Multimedia
became more popular after the mid-1990s when the price of hardware began to
fall. Then people started using it in industry, business, education,
entertainment and for other purposes. Today, we can find multimedia at home, in
school, at work, in public places, such as libraries, and on the Internet.
In
business, advertisers use virtual reality in multimedia applications to
advertise their products in three dimensions (3-D). Using multimedia for graphs
and tables is now the best way for managers to present company results. In
industry, pilots learn to fly using multimedia simulations of real situations,
and scientists simulate experiments with dangerous chemicals in safety.
Publishers are also producing interactive magazines, called e-zines, and
e-books online.
In
education, students study interactive CD-ROMs at their own speed and explore
topics creatively by clicking on related links. Teenagers have played computer
games for years, but many multimedia applications combine education and
entertainment and they let them visit virtual worlds or change the ending of
films.
Vocabulary
to integrate - объединять
to interact - взаимодействовать
to click - нажать
hardware - компьютерное
оборудование
entertainment - развлечение
application - приложение
to advertise - рекламировать
1. Give answers to the following questions.
1. What is multimedia?
2. Where is multimedia used?
3. Why did multimedia become more popular after the mid-1990s?
4. Where is a virtual reality used?
5. What should one do to start a video?
2. Which of the listed below statements are
true (T) or false (F). Specify your answer using the text.
1. Multimedia is similar to television. T/F
2. Today we can find multimedia in public places too. T/F
3. Managers use multimedia for graphs and tables and to learn to fly. T/F
4. E-zines and e0books are produced by advertisers. T/F
5. Many multimedia applications combine education and entertainment. T/F
3. Find antonyms (a) and synonyms (b),
translate.
a) to integrate, to fall, to appear, unfamiliar, to divide, to
accomplish, dangerous, to disappear, to find, popular, to increase, to start,
to lose, safe;
b) to integrate, to click, to apply, to unite, purpose, to investigate,
to press, cost, to explore, means of communication, to appear, target, to use, price, to fall, methods (of communications), to come out, to
decrease, speed, popular, velocity, renowned;
4. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second part (a-e).
1. People like using multimedia a.
started falling around 1995.
2. Multimedia combines b.
using interactive multimedia.
3. Most educational CD-ROMs c.
many different ways of learning.
4. Prices of multimedia hardware d.
integrate audio, video and text.
5. Students like learning about new topics e. because it is interactive.
5. Complete the sentences with the words: application, integrated, related,
simulation, 3-D, virtual:
1. The image is in _____ so you can look at it from all sides. 2. All
the links in this e-zine are _____ to football. 3. This _____ makes you think
you really are flying to the moon. 4. Some shopping websites use reality to
advertise their products online. 5. The application is _____ because it
combines many features. 6. Any program that carries out a specific task for a
user is an _____ .
6. Complete the definitions below with the
words from the text.
1.
… means moving cartoon.
2.
To press the button to tell a computer to do sth means … .
3.
… is the production of goods in factories.
4.
… is a measurement in space, for example, the length, width or height
of sth.
5.
The rate at which sb/sth moves or travels means … .
6.
Using sound, pictures and video in addition to text on a screen is … .
7.
… is a program that is designed to do a particular job.
8.
… means to join things together so that they become one thing or work
together.
9.
(used about a computer system and its user) to communicate directly
with each other stands for … .
10.
Images created by a computer
that appear to surround the person looking at them and seem almost real.
7. Finish the story by
translating its end into English. Compose a dialogue on the basis of the text.
Imagine one of you is an expert in the field and the other knows nothing about
it.
The payphone, which has changed little in its 100-plus history, is not escaping the wireless revolution. Ask a telecommunications official from Ghana to recall how many payphones there were in his country in 1998. The answer would be that there were only 35 payphones servicing the entire country, 32 of which were located in the capital city of Accra. In the year of 2000 there were over two hundred payphones there and the number is growing. The reason for this is that the Ghanaian authorities decided that the quickest and most economical solution for improving its telecommunications infrastructure was the wireless payphone.
Гана -
не единственная страна, использующая преимущества этого устройства. Его легко
можно обнаружить в таких крупных метрополиях, как Нью-Йорк. Там независимые
провайдеры услуг устанавливают платные радиотелефоны по всему городу. Им не
нужна прокладка крупных наземных сетей. Одновременно они удобны для размещения
рекламы. Это создает дополнительный источник доходов для провайдеров.
Специалисты утверждают, что в настоящее время разрабатываются совершенно новые
образцы платных телефонов. Как и сотовый, платный телефон будет развиваться от
голосового устройства к многофункциональному. Он сможет принимать и посылать не
только звуковые, но и видеосигналы, передавать неподвижные изображения, данные
и текст. Он позволит пользователям получать сводки новостей, биржевые цены и
информацию о расписании движения поездов и самолетов.
8. Translate the following sentences paying
attention to the words underlined. Use a dictionary and keep their meanings in
your mind
1. Before beginning an experiment carefully read the instruction in
order to understand what you will do. 2. In this table all conductors are
given in the order of their conductive ability. 3. The operator of the
laboratory ordered two new measuring instruments. 4. All thing were in
order on this table. 5. This substance tended to turn white on
drying. 6. When water boils it turns into steam. 7. The students made
this experiment by turn. 8. They were obliged to turn to the
dictionary to translate this article. 9. The results of the experiment turned
out to be very important.
9. Compose questions to the words underlined.
1. Using multimedia for graphs and tables is
now the best way for managers to present company results. 2. Publishers
are also producing interactive magazines, called e-zines and e-books
online. 3. Multimedia is any computer application that integrates text,
graphics and many other methods of communication. 4. Students study interactive
CD-ROMs and explore topics by clicking on related links.
10. Lexical test
(vocabulary revision of texts 5-7)
1. curve: a) линия, b) кривая (линия),
c) прямая, d) курс, e) схема;
2. flare: a) флора, b) пожар, c) пламя, d) вспышка, e) флирт;
3. perceptibly: a) перспективно, b) незаметно, c) заметно, d) первоначально, e) постоянно;
4. to disrupt: a) переходить, b) разрушать, c) основать, d) дискутировать, e) освещать;
5. to string: a) натягивать, b) прыгать, c) завязывать, d) появляться, e) бегать;
6. to rectify: a) усиливать, b) ратифицировать, c) освобождать, d) загибать, e) выпрямлять;
7. junction: a) функция, b) разъединение, c) соединение, d) запятая, e) помеха;
8. instrumentation: a) набор инструментов, b) инструментальный, c) инструмент, d) контрольно-измерительная аппаратура, e) музыкальная аппаратура;
9. entertainment: a) развлечение, b) интерес, c) увлечение, d) интернациональный, e) известность;
10. to integrate: a) интерпретировать, b) интеграция, c) объединять, d)
взаимодействовать, e) общаться;
11. to advertise: a) советовать, b) регламентировать, c) рекламировать, d) продавать, e) приказывать;
12. combined with: a) по сравнению, b) несмотря на, c) в зависимости
от, d) благодаря, e) в сочетании с;
13. unfortunately: a) к счастью, b) удачно, c) прекрасно, d) к сожалению, e) сожалеть;
14. to eliminate: a) исчезать, b) появляться, c) исключать, d) включать, e)сооружать;
15. certainly: a) превосходно, b) конечно, c) увлеченно, d) сомнительно, e) особенно;
8 Information systems
The objective of information systems is to provide information to all levels of management at the most relevant time, at an acceptable level of accuracy, and at an economical cost.
Individual businesses require information according to
the their nature of their operations. A car manufacturer is particularly
interested in the extent of competition from overseas manufacturers in the home
market and competition from other home-based manufacturers. A tour operator is
concerned about purchasing power and its effect on holiday bookings and the
political situation prevailing in the various countries.
As a general guide, the detail contained in reports containing information varies according to the position of the recipient in the hierarchical management structure. The chairman and managing director of a company require details of operations, which are broad in scope, and which concentrate on key factors pinpointing economic and financial trends.
Functional management require information relating to
the departments they are responsible for in sufficient detail to enable them to
apply whatever measures are required to bring situations into line with
requirements. They require information relating to events as they occur so that
appropriate action can be taken to control them.
Information systems are often computerized because of
the need to respond quickly and flexibly to queries. At the bottom level in the
information hierarchy are the transaction processing systems, which capture and
process internal information, such as sales, production, and stock data. These
produce the working documents of the business, such as invoices and statements.
Typically, these are the first systems, which a company will install. Above the
transaction-level systems are the decision support systems. These take external
information – market trends and other external financial data – and processed
internal information, such as sales trends, to produce strategic plans,
forecasts, and budgets. Often such systems are put together with PC
spreadsheets and other unconnected tools. Management information systems lie at
the top of the hierarchy of information needs. The MIS takes the plans and
information from the transaction-level systems to monitor the performance of
the business as a whole. This provides feedback to aid strategic planning,
forecasting, and/or budgeting, which in turn affects what happens at the
transactional level.
Vocabulary
relevant – уместный, подходящий
extent – степень
oversea(s) – заграничный, зарубежный
to be concerned – заботиться, беспокоиться,
интересоваться
to prevail – преобладать
recipient
– получающий, принимающий (информацию)
to pinpoint – указывать
sufficient – достаточный
appropriate – сoответствующий
to respond to – подходящий
query –
вопрос, запрос
statement
– (официальный) отчет
to aid – помогать
1. Try to decide which of the following definitions best describes a management information system.
a a system for supplying information to
management
b a system for managing information
c a system which supplies information about management
2. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the objective of information systems?
2. What kind of information does an individual business require?
3. What information do the chairman and managing director of a company
need?
4. Why are information systems often computerized?
5. What systems capture and process internal information like sales, stock,
data, etc.?
6. Tell about management information systems.
3.
Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), then read the
passage to check your answers.
1. All businesses are interested in more or less the same information, regardless of the nature of their operations.
1.
The managing director of a company needs a lot
more detailed information about the day-to-day operations than his executives
do.
2.
Functional management require up-to-the–minute
information so that they can take action to control events as they happen.
3.
Information systems are usually computerized.
4.
Transaction processing systems are usually the
first systems to be installed.
5. Using your completed diagram from Task 15, write a paragraph explaining how information is processed by information systems. Do not look back at the text itself.
6. Find the English equivalents of the following words
and word combinations.
Точность, внутренний рынок, председатель, основной, ответственный, требование, нижний уровень, биржевые данные, прогноз, функционирование, обратная связь, покупательная способность.
7. Find synonyms among the following words. Translate.
Objective, influence, goal, to vary, to give, direction, manufacturer,
to provide, query, cost, producer, trend, to catch, to be concerned, price, to
aid, receiver, effect, to change, request, to take place, to be interested,
recipient, key, to capture, to occur, to assist, main.
8. Now look back in the text and find words that have an opposite meaning.
uneconomical _______
same _______
public _______
foreign market _______
sender _______
the top level _______
internal _______
purchasing _______
rarely _______
connected _______
9. Match the words
(1-7) from the text with the definitions (a-g). Learn the definitions.
1. to computerize a.
the performing of arithmetic or logical operations on information which has
been input to a computer
2.
decision support system b.
a request for information from a database
3. information system c.
provide a computer to do the work of/for something
4. management information system d.
a system which processes the operational transactions of an organization
5. processing e.
(computerized) system designed to aid managers in day-to-day operational
decisions
6. transaction processing system f.
a (computerized) system for providing information to management
10. Complete the puzzle and find the key word in 10 down.
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Across
1 The ‘I’ of MIS. (11)
2 Another term for a VDU. (7)
3 See 8.
4 An A/D ____ changes analog signals into digital signals. (9)
5 The ‘D’ of VDU. (7)
6 The decision _____ systems combine information from outside and
inside an organization to produce strategic plans and forecasts. (7)
7 Voice _____ systems permit people to talk to computers. (11)
8 And 3 ____ ____ systems capture and process information
generated within an organization (e.g. sales and production data). (11, 10)
9 Converted from an analog to a digital signal. (9)
Down
10 The amount of deskspace (or
floorspace) taken up by a computer. (9)
Contents
1 A Communication Model 3
2 Modern Light-Wave Communications Technology 6
3 Videoconferencing 10 4 Introduction to the WWW and the Internet 14 5 Communicating Through the Earth 18 6 Transistors and Semiconductor Devices 22 7 Multimedia 26 8 Information systems 30
Сводный
план 2005 г., поз.37
Айгуль
Абдуалиевна Коржинбаева
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ
ЯЗЫК
Методические указания
по
развитию навыков перевода технических текстов
(для студентов очной формы обучения специальности
050719 –
Радиотехника,
электроника и телекоммуникации).
Редактор Ж.М. Сыздыкова
Подписано в
печать __.___.__
Формат 60х84 1/16
Тираж _____экз. Бумага
типографская № 1
Объем ____ уч.-изд. л. Заказ ______. Цена
______тн.
Копировально-множительное бюро
Алматинского
института энергетики и связи
050013, Алматы,
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