АЛМАТЫ
ЭНЕРГЕТИКА ЖЄНЕ БАЙЛАНЫС ИНСТИТУТЫ
Шет
тілдер кафедрасы
Аѓылшын
тілі
Тіл жєне сµйлеу біліктерін дамыту
бойынша єдістемелік кµрсеткіштер
(жылуэнергетика мамандыќтары студенттері ‰шін)
Алматы,
2006
Ќ¦РАСТЫРУШЫ: А.Т.Касымбекова. Аѓылшын
тілі.
Тіл жєне сµйлеу біліктерін дамыту
бойынша єдістемелік
н±сќаулар (жылу энергетика
мамандыѓыныњ студенттері ‰шін)
Алматы: АЭжБИ, 2006. – 31 б.
Єдістемелік
н±сќаулар аѓылшын тілінде кєсіби сµйлесудіњ
даѓдылары мен біліктерін дамыту, сондай-аќ жылу энергетика
мамандыќтарыныњ студенттері ‰шін кєсіби-баѓдарланѓан мєтіндерді оќу жєне т‰сіну
даѓдылары мен біліктерін дамыту ‰шін арналѓан.
Б±л
єдістемелік н±сќауды ќ±растыруда автор оќытудыњ жања интерактивті єдістерін
пікір-сайыстарын ±йымдастыру, диалогты сµйлесуге ќатысу жєне т.б. пайдаланады.
Мєтіндік
материалды тањдап алуда негізгі µлшем ретінде мєтінніњ аќпараттыќ ќ±ндылыѓын
жєне оныњ жылу энергетика мамандыќтары студенттерініњ м‰дделеріне сєйкес
назарѓа алынды.
Пікірші
:
шет тілдер кафедрасыныњ аѓа оќытушысы С.Б.Бухина
Алматы энергетика жєне байланыс институтыныњ 2006 ж. басылым жоспары
бойынша басылды.
©
Алматы энергетика жєне байланыс институты, 2006 ж.
1 Introduction and summary
Energy sector development strategy is а part of the Republic
of Croatia's general economic
development strategy. When creating such а document, the key issue is
the reliability of basic data essential for the analyses and calculations, and
the accuracy in predicting the goals of general social development, in order to
determine the aims and the objectives of energy development. During the
1995-1998 period а number of scientific surveys was carried out, initiated the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the
Ministry of Science and Technology,
which were then used for this strategy. All surveys were conducted with in the
PROHES program . In the beginning of 1997 а series of national energy
programs was started, the initial phase of which was completed in May of 1998.
The research results were announced in more than 25 publications, and the objective was to delineate various
aspects and preconditions of both economic and energy sector development, as а
part of the efforts of transforming the Republic of Croatia into а modern European country of
parliamentary democracy, plural ownership and interests, and market economy.
The important question is whether а "strategy" is
needed in а country going through the process of abandoning the planned socialist
economy and the creation of the market economy system, as often disputed in the
public. Though the developed countries themselves haven' t completely
terminated the discussion about the relationship between the market and
government intervention, with experiences differing from one country to
another, the predominant opinion and practice regards both as indivisible
features that have со be balanced. Of course, the word
"strategy" has different meanings in planned and market economy. The
fulfillment of energy policy goals requires the determination of objectives and
measures necessary, fiscal and other, by means of а
strategy.
The energy strategy is also necessary in order to meet the accepted
international obligations regarding environmental protection and adjust the
energy sector, the energy management conditions of the European Union (EU). The
energy sector development strategy of the Republic of Croatia has been done
with а "vision" of future relations and technological development.
It encompasses all features of the development and relations within the energy
sector and represents а reform in the energy management system.
The
restriction of the energy sector development problem to а
limited number of issues, regardless of their importance, such as whether а
certain plant should be gas-or oil-fired, removes Croatia from the modern
approach to energy system establishment. Energy sector development strategy
includes the energy system, economy, le-gal, organizational, institutional and
educational dimensions and aims at the preparation of the Croatian energy
sector for an easier and more efficient approach into the European Union.
1.
Answer the questions:
1) What is the key issue of the Republic of
Croatia's general economic
development strategy?
2) What does the Energy sector development
strategy include?
3) Which question is often disputed in public?
2.
Fill in prepositions:
1)
The accuracy _ predicting the goals_ general social development.
2) _
the beginning_ 1997 а series_ national energy programs was started,
the initial phase_ which was completed in May of 1998.
3)
The energy sector development strategy_ the Republic_ Croatia has been done_ а
"vision" of future relations and technological development.
4)
Though the developed countries themselves haven't completely terminated the
discussion_ the relationship_ the market and government intervention.
5) _
the creation_ the strategy, the attempt was made_ answer some very important
strategically questions.
3.
Find synonyms:
1) a survey a) to come up
2) an accuracy b) a review
3) to approach c) a precision
4) certain d) fixed
5) to research e) an investigation
4.
Find the definitions:
1)to announce a) necessary, most important
2) to terminate b) to make (something) known (to other people)
3) essential c) to come to an end
4) a favor d) to approve of, support
5) to adjust e) to put
(something) right
5.
Fill in the words:
1) _ of
basic data
2) a
number of_ surveys
3) the_
phase of the programs
2 Summary
An energy strategy specifies the objectives and measures necessary
implement energy sector policies. А strategy is also required in order honor
inter-national environmental obligations, and conform the energy management
practices implemented throughout the European Union. An energy sector
development strategy has its economic, legal, organizational, institutional and
educational aspect. This document suggests а specific energy sector development
model for Croatia as universal model has developed .The following elements were
taken into consideration when drafting the Croatian national energy strategy:
all short-term measures need to conform to а long-term perception of
energy sector development;
the concept of sustainable development needs to be incorporated into all
measures, keeping in mind that the environment is Croatia's invaluable
resource;
the strategy needs to conform to regional, European and world-wide
energy sector tendencies and markets;
the development of an energy market in which the government would create
an adequate environment for market-oriented energy management needs to
emphasized;
diversification of energy sources, types and production technologies
needs to be instigated; ' strategically
sustain the efficient use of energy;
strategically sustain gasification within the next ten years;
strategically sustain the use of renewable energy resources;
strategically
sustain research, development and demonstration of new, clean and efficient
technologies;
join European demonstration projects on new technologies. The energy
sector development strategy is perceived as а national strategy primarily
focusing on the interests of the Republic of Croatia and its citizen/ consumer
above any individual and/or private interest.
Croatian
energy sector characteristics and status
At the end of 1997, proven reserves of oil and condensates of the
National Oil Industry, INA, in the Republic of Croatia were 14,000 thousand m',
while proven and probable reserves were 16,062 thousand m'. Proven reserves
of natural gas were 26,523 million m'~,
,proven and probable 29,000 million m', while proven, probable and possible
reserves were 30,293 million m'. The present results show that the energy
production from biomass can rise in short contributing up to 5 percent of the
total energy use. In the future biomass will be used in heating plants and
cogeneration plants for independent
objects and district heating in areas without а gas network. It is
important to use new energy efficient
technologies, which have lesser impacts on the environment. The use of the
communal waste should be an overall
solution for waste disposal with the smallest environmental impact on the
present objects (cement works, thermal power plants), where monitoring and
environmental protection measures will be necessary.
1.
Answer the questions:
1) What does the energy sector development
strategy suggest?
2) What do the present result show?
3) Where will biomes be used in the future?
2. Fill in prepositions:
1)
all short-term measures need_ conform_ а long-term perception energy sector
development;
2)
energy sector development model_ Croatia;
3)
the development_ an energy market_ which the government would create an
adequate environment;
4)_ the end of 1997, proven reserves_ and condensates_ the National Oil Industry were 14,000 thousand m';
5) _
the future biomass will be used_ heating plants;
3. Find synonyms:
1) to
specify a) uninterrupted
2)
primarily b) to mention
3)
sustainable c) originally
4)
to incorporate d) to include
5) a draft e) rough
copy
4.
Find definitions:
1) an implement a) to agree with
2) invaluable b) a tool or instrument for doing work
3) to conform c) of a value too high to be measured
4) to instigate d) to cause(smth) to happen by using strong
encouragement
5) a solution e) way of dealing with a difficulty
5.
Fill in the words:
1) The following elements were taken into_;
2) The energy sector development strategy_ as а
national strategy;
3) strategically sustain_ use of energy;
3 Solar energy – sunen
The solar energy potential in the coastal regions of Croatia is much higher than the total final energy consumption of thermal and electric energy. The part of the solar energy formed to the final thermal and electric energy will depend, firstly, on the consumption load diagram of local economy, households and public sectors, and secondly, on the price of the final energy and thirdly on the development of diverse solar technologies which are still improving their technical and commercial performances.
The main goal of SUNEN, until 2010, has been set to substitute fossil
fuels and electric energy in the preparation of the DHW in households and
tourism. Not later than 2020, а significant part of the heating and cooling
energy for the coastal region should be cover by the hybrid solar thermal power
plants which will use solar energy
together with РС and/or natural gas, where the
economic part of solar energy will be about 50 percent of the total
final 'energy consumption. Commercial
photovoltaic power plants are not expected before 2005, however, it is expected
that the prices of the solar modules shall be lowered by а factor of three or
more. It can be expected that after 2005, islands and some coastal regions
could start installing РЧ systems of peak power between 100 and 200 kW.
It is also probable that thermal solar power plants in hybrid
combination of solar heliostats and LPG and/or natural gas will be commercially
available after the year 2010. Passive use of solar energy in Dalmatian and on
the islands, particularly in the tourist sector could get good results. After
2030 most of the old hotels and other capacities retrofit and all new tourist capacities
expected to be built after 2000 will use active and solar energy and their
energy consumption will be as low as 30
k%4m peat. passive) systems in such а
low energy consumption buildings will completely cover all their needs in electric and thermal energy
including light, heating and cooling of
buildings.
1. Answer the questions:
1) What did the part of the solar energy
transform to?
2) What is the main goal of SUNEN?
3) What could get good results on the islands?
2.
Fill in prepositions:
1)
The solar energy potential_ the coastal regions_ Croatia is much higher than the total final energy consumption_
thermal and electric energy.
2)
The part_ the solar energy transformed_ the final thermal and electric energy. Not
later than 2020, а significant part_ the heating and cooling energy_ the
coastal region should be cover_ the hybrid solar thermal power plants.
3)
The main goal_ SUNEN, until 2010, has been set_ substitute fossil fuels and
electric energy_ the preparation of the DHW in households and tourism.
4)
It is also probable that thermal solar power plants_ hybrid combination_ solar
heliostats and LPG and/or natural gas will be commercially available after the
year 2010.
3.Find synonyms:
1) to depend a) to establish
2) a cover b) to lie in the power
of
3) to set c) a cloak
4) a performance d) a execution
5) potential e) possible
4. Find the definitions:
1) a substitute a) that is very likely to
happen or to prove correct
2) solar
b) a person or thing taking the place of
3) probable c)
of the sun
4) a consumption d)the
process of consuming food, energy
5) available e)
that may be used, seen or obtained
5. Fill in the words:
1)
The solar energy potential in_ of Croatia is much higher;
2)
The main_ of SUNEN;
3) such
а low energy consumption buildings will completely cover all their needs_;
4
Wind energy – enwind
Wind energy technical potential for the production of electric energy, which would be delivered to final consumers through the distribution grid, is estimated to be 400 to 800 GWh annually. This potential is calculated for 29 sites selected in the coastal area and islands of Croatia, and is dependent on the size of wind turbines which would be used for the electricity production (250 to 750 kW). Offshore wind potential is calculated in relation the number of the installed wind turbines. Owing higher production costs of energy from offshore wind farms and because of tourist significance of the Adriatic Sea, in short-turn and middle-turn forecasts of the electricity supply structure the use of this potential is not predicted before 2020. Because of hydrologically unfavorable conditions on Croatian islands, the assessment of the wind energy potential for potable water production has been carried out. This assessment is based on the Croatian Island Development Program which presumes demographic and economic reconstruction as well tourism and agriculture as basic activities in this area.
Analyses of possible electric energy generation on 29 selected macro-locations divided into three classes according to the series of ranking criteria (Figure 6.4.1), show that over 50 percent of the technical wind energy potential for electric energy generation is to be found at the first class sites, namely at sites where the production is economically viable. Taking into ac- count that the average nominal power of modern wind turbines is 600 kW, and the increase trend continues, it is not too optimistic to expect that at least 60 percent of the technical wind potential will be realized up to 2030. This corresponds approximately 500 GWh of electric energy produced annually from the wind in the area of the Croatian coast and islands.
Geothermal
energy - geoen
Croatia has а hundred year old tradition of geothermal energy usage from natural resources for medical purposes. Since the beginnings of the 70's with oil and gas drilling, monitoring of geothermal waters from those wells was started. Croatia has а considerably higher geothermal gradient than the European average; the total geothermal energy potential of discovered fields is 812 MW, and 45.8 MW.
1.
Answer the questions:
1)
What is the wind energy technical potential for?
2)
Why has the assessment of the wind energy potential for potable water
production been carried out?
3) What tradition does Croatia have hundred year old?
2.
Fill in prepositions:
1)
Wind energy technical potential_ the production_ electric energy;
2)
Offshore wind potential is calculated_ relation the number_ the installed wind
turbines;
3)
Owing higher production costs_ energy_ offshore wind farms;
4)
Analyses_ possible electric energy generation_29 selected macro-locations;
5)
Since the beginnings_ the 70's_ oil and gas drilling, monitoring of geothermal
waters from those wells was started;
3. Find
synonyms:
1) To deliver a) practicable
2) An area b) to supply
3) Viable c) an extent
4) Power d) a vigor
5) To select e) to pick out
4.
Find the definitions:
1) a
consumer a) to believe think that ( a person) will
come
2)
natural b) a person
who buys goods in shops
3)
to expect c) ordinary,
normal
4)
to discover d) to find out
5)
to increase e) to become
greater in size
5.
Fill in the words:
1) This assessment_ on the Croatian Island
Development Program;
2) Croatia has а hundred year old tradition
of_;
3) The wind energy_ for potable
water production;
5 General principles
The purpose of the Law is to set up an organized energy management
system based on the principles practiced in the developed countries, to define
the national energy policy, define and create conditions for а secure and rational energy supply, to establish real
energy prices and private enterprise activities, to "open" the
domestic energy market, and enable for access tо the international energy markets, consumer protection, and the
fulfillment of the highest environmental protection standards.
The Law defines the conditions for: energy procurement, supply and
usage, passes the rules related tо the organization and management of the subjects, coordination and regulation of their
activities, the role of the state bodies and their activities in the
realization the energy policy objectives, maintenance of the energy objects and
installations and the fulfillment of obligations adopted by domestic and
international agreements.
The Law does not apply nuclear energy sector, national military supply, national police supply, national fire brigades and the most important state functions, which are be determined by special laws.
Terms of the Law:
exploration,
generation/production, transmission/transport, distribution, storage of energy,
energy
supply,
energy
facilities, installations and equipment,
energy
sources,
tariff
system,
sector
regulation, price regulation,
environmental
protection,
consumer
protection.
Chapter
2: Energy policy of the republic of
Croatia
The Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia defines basic
national energy objectives Parliament, following а proposal by the Croatian
government.
Operating energy sector development plans have to approved by the
Croatian Government following а proposal of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.
The Ministry of Economic Affairs may elaborate all the documents that are
finally subjected to the governmental and parliamentary approval; these
documents are related to situation monitoring in the energy sector, fulfillment
of energy policy objectives, monitoring and сo-ordination of the activities of
subjects dealing in the energy sector. Counties, municipalities and towns are
engaged in the implementation of energy policy measures. They are authorized to
giving proposals and opinions regarding energy sector items relevant for their
territory (area settlement, environmental protection, communal activities,
construction of the local infra- structure), respecting the will of the
citizens as а result of а referendum or other type of decision-making. Public
Service Regulation Agency is authorized for the energy sector regulation.
Market Competition Protection Agency gives incentives and suggestions
for the promotion of the market competition, analyses and proposes the
methodology for the market competition research activities, and proposes
measures for the protection of the market competition, enabling the creation of
а stable and reliable energy market.
Energy utilities, scientific and expert institutions and other legal
entities dealing with energy management activities, are engaged in the
realization of energy policy objectives by offering analyses, giving
suggestions, opinions, proposals, and setting up energy sector со-operation
(domestic and international).
Beside the basic principles of the Croatian energy policy: sustainable
energy management principle, principle of safe energy supply, principle of
environ-mental protection; it is important to mention the principle of а
"uniform" transport system of the Republic of Croatia which is
elaborated in special energy market laws. This principle brings into equal
position the function of gas transportation with the function of electric
energy transmission, by the construction of а common national gas network be financed
by all gas con-summers.
Ministry of Economic Affairs will define the adequate level of education
(qualification) for the persons handling operational activities in view of the
particular installations and equipment. Qualifications are confirmed with the
certificates issued the authorized commission.
Energy system development must be planned according to the principles of
t' open market economy, economic categories and through the adoption of world
criteria, as well as the own development criteria. The energy planning system should take into
consideration the global (international (state) and local (county) levels.
1.
Answer the questions:
1)
What does the Law define the conditions for?
2)
What is the principle of а "uniform" transport system of the Republic
of Croatia?
3)
May the Ministry of Economic Affairs elaborate all the documents that are
finally subjected to the governmental and parliamentary approval?
2. Fill in prepositions:
1)
Operating energy sector development plans have_ approved_ the Croatian government following а proposal of
the Ministry of Economic Affairs.
2)
The purpose_ the Law is_ set up an organized energy management system.
3) This principle brings_ equal position the function_ gas transportation.
4) Energy utilities, scientific and expert institutions and other legal entities dealing_ energy management activities.
5)
The energy devilment planning system should take_ consideration the global (
national (state) and local (county) levels.
3. Find synonyms:
1) a protection a) to
determine
2) a competition b) the
defense
3) to define c) a
contest
4) to bring d) to
bear
5) a level e)
grade
4. Find the definitions:
1) an equipment a) the act of adopting or being
adopted
2) an
installation b) things needed
for a particular purpose
3) an adoption c) to settle in a place
4) to expert d) highly trained or skilled
5) to suggest e) to bring an idea into the
mind
5. Fill in words:
1) define
and create_ for а secure and rational energy supply;
2)
Market Competition Protection Agency gives_ for the promotion of the market
competition;
3)
Energy system_ must be planned;
The method of liquid heat-carrier heat
transformation into mechanical energy.
The method of a liquid heat-carrier heat transformation into mechanical Naturally, movements of air and water (sea and ocean currents) are caused by different consistence of warm and cold layers of these substances. They call it convective motion in physics. And this motion is widely used in technical equipment, for example, in systems of hot-water heating and natural circulation of heat-carriers.
Water circulation, in this case,
comes because of a slight pressure, usually measured in hundredths of atmosphere pressure, as it
arises from the Earth's gravitational field with a small delta between cold and hot water
densities. It is reasonable that it is not worth using that minor kinetic
energy of the water flow in the heating system for anything else, but for the
functioning of the system itself.
But what we suggest is carrying
out heat exchange between actuating fluids in the centrifugal field of a
revolving heat exchanger. With acceleration of centrifugal field, which in scores of times exceeds
acceleration the Earth's gravitational field, circulation of actuating fluids will be
realized under a pressure, higher than atmosphere pressure in dozens or even hundreds of
times. That will allow transforming effectively the kinetic energy of an actuating fluid flow
into mechanical energy and furthering it into electric energy.
To change the density of
actuating fluids in the heat exchanger we suggest using : cold, or rather the conditions
that appear in the nature at temperatures below zero. Under-ice water, in this
case, can act as a heat-carrier, while a cooled in the air fluid, which does
not freeze under natural conditions, can be used as a heat-receiver. It comes
from the second law of thermodynamics, that there should be a temperature drop
to transform heat into mechanical work. Water from a frozen river or a
reservoir can serve as
such a source of heat in wintertime at temperatures below zero. The temperature of the under-ice
water is +4 C°, while it is below zero above the ice. A difference of temperatures
is evident, furthermore, it lasts with a certain permanency for quite a time
(from 4 to 6 months each year, or even longer) on the vast expanses of Siberia, Finland, Norway, Sweden,
Canada and Alaska.
1.Questions:
1) What causes movements of air and water?
2) What can allow transforming effectively the kinetic energy of an
actuating fluid flow into mechanical energy and furthering it into electric
energy?
3) What is the temperature of under-ice water?
4) At what temperature the density of the water is maximum?
5) How much energy do we need to warm 1 litter of water from 0 Cо to 83.7 Cо?
2.Choose 5 suitable
sentences and change them into the Passive voice.
3.Give antonyms:
6) different
7) warm
8) heat
9) higher
10) maximum
4.Write out nouns with the suffix-ing and translate
them .
5.Choose a passage and translate it.
The Project "Energy Chip"
In the middle of the XXlh
century in power engineering have been made the attempt to pass from machine methods of manufacture of
the electric power on a basis steam-turbine (coefficient of efficiency up to 40%), gas
turbine, electro hydrodynamic cycles (coefficient of efficiency up to 50%) to direct methods of
production of an electricity with the help thermo electrical generators (TEG)
and fuel cells (FC). Unfortunately, to the beginning of the XXIst
century coefficient of efficiency of TEG was failed to raise upwards of 10-12% at operating
temperatures 1000-2500 K. Therefore all efforts were concentrated on researches of FC for
commercial application. Electricity in
FC is made at direct low-temperature oxidation of fuel on catalysts at low temperatures 300-500 K with coefficient of
efficiency up to 80% (at oxidation of gaseous hydrogen). However the using of hydrocarbon fuel in FC is resulting to
incidence of the coefficient of
efficiency up to 40-45%. It is connected with the necessary to split it
previously on components for getting
of hydrogen. Direct using of methane, spirit etc. lowers coefficient of efficiency still more. In result FC lose the advantages
to use in power engineering. The range of application of FC is limited to mobile devices which are not required
high coefficient of efficiency.
At once some companies
developing fuel batteries for mobile electronic devices have announced about commercialization of
technology in the near future. Among them are German Smart Fuel Cell AG and
Japanese Casio, Toshiba and NEC. But coefficient of efficiency of the FC does
not exceed 10-30%.
Despite of presence of a number
of insuperable problems to increase coefficient of efficiency the leading manufacturers of fuel
cells in USA define the FC as one of the most priority directions of scientific and technical
progress and offer the structured policy of the state investments of USA in the
amount of $ 5,5 billion during 10 years. According to known auditing firm
"Price Waterhouse-Coopers" by 2020 years the volume of the market of
fuel cells will achieve $1.7 billion.
Motor-car industry is considered
still more perspective direction using FC. The hybrid circuit of transformation
of energy is used here. The chemical energy of fuel turns to electrical energy
and collects in accumulators. Then it transforms in the mechanical energy by
electromotor. In result there is a basic opportunity to increase coefficient of efficiency of
the engine from 25-35% (combustion engine) up to coefficient of efficiency 40-45%). At the same
time operating temperature of
fuel burning is lowered that completely excludes emission of oxides of nitrogen
in an atmosphere.
Besides the noise of the engine will decrease and the consumption of fuel
almost in 2 times will be reduced. This factor is the most urgent for the
volatile countries. Therefore, for example, the Japanese government develops
the legislative initiatives on the prompt conversion on environmentally sound "hybrid" and
completely electrical automobiles on accumulators. In Japan by 2010 years is
planned to finish number of automobiles with motors on fuel cells up to 10 millions. For today these
plans restrain by absence of effective accumulators and high cost of FC - up to
200 dollars on 1 kW that it is 10 times above specific cost of the combustion engine - 30 dollars
on 1 kW.
1.Questions.
1) What improvements were made in power
engineering in the middle of XX th
century?
2) On what
aspect of power engineering all efforts were concentrated?
3)
How does the using of hydrocarbon fuel in FC
results to incidence of the
coefficient of efficiency?
4)
How does using of methane affects coefficient
of efficiency?
5)
What companies developing fuel batteries for
mobile electronic devices have
announced about commercialization of technology
in the near future?
2.Write out 5 verbs in the Passive Voice.
3.Define the part of speech of the following words.
1) allow
2) create
3) combustion
4) natural
5) currently
6) generation
7) thousand
8) compact
9) change
10) structure
4.Write out all sentences with modal verbs .
5.Write out all Infinitives from the first passage and
translate them .
The Project "Freezing
Chip"
The basic alternative way of
reception of the environmentally acceptable refrigeration should become creation new
environmentally appropriate energy-efficient solid-state technologies of reception of a cold for
household, industrial and cryogenic engineering. It is a unique way to avoid of the transition on
intermediate HCFC Fresno in a refrigerating industry, and consequently to save huge financial and
material resources (International Institute of Refrigeration. Such way can become the using
thermoelectric converters. They have a boomerang effect - conversion of electric energy into cold. On the basis of nanostructured materials it
is possible to create solid-state refrigerators on effect similar to Pettier effect.
The basic arguments for the
marketing outlets of refrigerating equipment and conditioners on a basis "Freezing Chip"
will be:
1 Decreasing of an electric energy
demand approximately in 2 times in comparison with compression refrigeration
equipment.
2
Environmentally
acceptable refrigeration due to take-over Fresno and observance of all international standards.
3
Silence in
operation.
4
High
performance reliability and low operating costs due to take-over
mechanical units.
5
High patent
protection.
The world refrigerator market is
forecast to grow to almost $19.7 billion in 2001. Cost of the cooling device of a refrigerator
on "Freezing Chip" will make 20-30% from cost of a refrigerator. So the volume of the market of
"Freezing Chip" only for refrigerators will make a minimum of 4
billion dollars per one year. Besides the technology has high patent
protection, that will allow to monopolize the markets.
Now the certain practical successes are
achieved in the field of creation solid-state thermoelectric converters, For example, the
firm "Cool Chips" (BOREALIS) it is the first who has shown an opportunity of creation thermo
electrical refrigerators based on nanotechnology. It promises to receive an efficiency of up to 70-80% of the
theoretical maximum for a perfect heat pump (known
as Carrot Efficiency). This represents a large increase of efficiency over the
best conventional cooling systems. A
conventional refrigerator typically operates at between 30-50% of Carrot. The best thermoelectric (Pettier)
devices function at less than 8% of Carrot. The potential energy savings of the Cool Chip over conventional compression
systems are staggering — greater
than tens of billions of dollars per year.
1.Questions.
1) What is the basic alternative way of reception
of the environmentally acceptable refrigeration?
2) What are the basic arguments for the marketing
outlets of refrigerating equipment and conditioners on a basic “Freezing Chip”?
3) Who was the first to show an opportunity of
creation thermo-electrical refrigerators based on mono-technology?
4) How many percents does the cost of the
cooling device of a refrigerator on “Freezing Chip” make from cost of
refrigerator?
5) What achievements were made in the field of
creation solid-state thermoelectric converters?
2.Define the
initial forms of the words:
6) environmentally
7) acceptable
8) industrial
9) decreasing
10)
cooling
3.Make up sentences with the words from exercise 2.
4.Write
out nouns with the suffix –tion from the first passage.
5.Order the words from exercise 4 alphabetically.
The Project "Solar Chip"
Every minute the Sun gives to the Earth so
much energy how many all mankind consumes for one year. Unfortunately the scientist till now
did not manage to find a cheap enough and effective way of transformation of a solar
energy in electricity. The most part of solar batteries is made of silicon that
is required, as well as computer chips, labor-consuming productions.
Indeed because of it the solar
energy costs in 3-4 times more expensively than energy received from
traditional sources. Against a background of the growing prices on petroleum
the much of World States
began to pay special attention to researches in the field of sustainable
sources of energy. Only under condition of achievement by crude petroleum of a
price as a minimum $45/barrel,
the using of a solar energy becomes really effective and expedient.
A one megawatt electricity charges, received by
transformation of energy of the sun, has decreased,
in comparison with in the seventies, in 5 times, and in comparison with 1995 -
twice (in the comparable prices). At the same time there was no essential
increase of efficiency of transformation
of a solar energy. The efficiency of serial solar photo cells makes only
10-20%. For skilled samples the record of efficiency makes 35%. Cost of solar
batteries is high enough, therefore
electricity prime charges makes $0.30-$1 for one kwh. While the construction
and launching of thermal power
station burning coal for receiving of electricity (for example, in USA or Japan), will be twice more cheaply.
Only increase of efficiency of
solar elements up to 40-60% at the same time reduction of the cost price in
twice really will allow to refuse from construction of thermal power stations.
Today the solar electro-generators
market is forecast to grow to almost $2.5 milliard (2000 year) that it is in six times higher in
comparison with parameters of 1995. Mainly in Japan and Northern America the segment of
solar generators (about third of all market) connected to the central electric systems is running up faster all - on
30% per one year. Solar batteries for calculators and pocket flash, electro
generators for use in individual houses or on farms unconnected to the central electricity supply network and also manufactured
panels for advertisement hoarding,
telephone cabins and street lighting have shared the rest of market approximately fifty-fifty.
Volatility Japan plans by 2020
to achieve a 38% consumption level from renewable energy sources using among others energy of the sun.
Encouraged by government, the Japanese companies
have made in 2000 solar batteries by total capacity 80 megawatt.
The important problem facing on a
way of a wide circulation of solar generators is the impossibility to keep and to accumulate the
electric power. Use of additional buffer accumulators of the electric power therefore is
necessary. At the same time cost of storage batteries twice exceeds the price of the solar
battery.
1. Questions.
1) Does the effective
and cheap way of transformation of solar energy in electricity exist?
2) Why does the solar
energy coasts in 3-4 times more expensively than energy received from
traditional sources?
3) What is the most
important problem facing on a way of a wide circulation of solar generators?
4) On what technology is the “know-how” “Solar
Chip” based?
5) Why did the much of World States began to
pay special attention to researches in the field of sustainable sources of
energy?
2.Write out a sentence and put all possible questions.
3.Choose a passage and translate into Russian.
4.Give comparative degrees of the following
adjectives.
6) cheap
7) effective
8) high
9) important
10) low
5.Find comparative degree of adjectives in Exercise 4.
The Project "Quantum
Super-capacitor"
The integral part of
any energy-generating system is accumulator of electrical energy smoothing of peak loads. It is impossible
to provide a continuous energy supply for premises from solar cells or develop an electric motor car or a hybrid car
and so forth without it. Besides, the automobile
transport battery should feature a high specific capacitance and a great number
of recharging cycles, as well as good charge/discharge dynamic characteristics.
The basic consumer
of petroleum in the world is the automobile. The planned transition to fuel
elements will require use of electrical accumulators comparable to them at
cost. According to known
auditing firm "Price Waterhouse-Coopers" by 2020 years the volume of
the market of fuel cells
will achieve $1.7 billion.
Volatility Japan
plans by 2020 to achieve a 38% consumption level from renewable energy sources using among others energy of the sun.
Encouraged by government, the Japanese companies
have made in 2000 solar batteries by total capacity 80 megawatt. Today the cost
of storage batteries in 2 times is
higher than the cost of solar batteries and the lifetime of such accumulators is 1.5-2 years.
To generate the
markets of new power engineering will be not possible without the complex decision of a problem of accumulators,
reduction of their cost and increase of operation time.
The similar problem
of effective reliable accumulators stands in front of mobile electronics too.
For example, it is required about billion accumulators only for mobile
telephones in the entire world.
At present conventional lead batteries
have the specific capacitance of 0.08 MJ/kg, nickel batteries - 0.2 MJ/kg, sodium
-sulfur batteries - 0.4 - 0.6 MJ/kg at operating temperatures higher than 500 K
and Li-polymer batteries - 0.6 - 0.7 MJ/kg at room temperature. This
characteristic significantly ranks
below the specific energy of gasoline - 44 MJ/kg that makes the production of mass economic electric motor car problematic.
Besides the limited number of recharging cycles 200-1000 limit the operation
time of batteries to 1.5-2 years.
Now it is greatly
staked on electrolytic Super-capacitors with a double electrical layer). Such Super-capacitors have good
dynamic characteristics, plenty of the charge/discharge cycles but their specific capacity ranks in
some times bellow the specific capacity of leaden batteries. One cannot see of
the way of greatly increasing their capacity until now.
We propose the new technology of creation
of the accumulator on the basis of the capacitor from nanostructured dielectric with specific capacity 1.6 MJ/kg (under
usual operating temperature) and with
practically infinite charge/discharge cycles - "quantum
super-capacitor". Specific capacity of such accumulator will be
higher in 2 times than ones of best polymer-lithium
accumulators and will not exceed them under the prime cost. The range of
operating temperature will make from - 70 C up to 300 C. Durability will be
about 10 - 30 years.
The Project “Quantum Super-capacitor”
1.Questions.
1) What is the integral part of any
energy-generating system?
2) What is the basic consumer of petroleum in the
world?
3) If to use the new technology of creation of
the accumulator what the range of operating
temperatures and what durability would be?
4) Why does known dielectrics not allow to
receive high specific energy density?
5) What are two ways to increase specific energy
density?
2.Give singular forms of
the following nouns.
1) cells
2) cycles
3) characteristics
4) elements
5)
sources
3.Find subject and
predicate in these sentences.
1)
Volatility Japan plans by 2020 to achieve 38% consumption level from renewable
energy sources using among energy of the Sun.
2)
Encouraged by government, the Japanese companies have made in 2000 solar
batteries by total capacity 80 megawatt.
3)
The similar problem of effective reliable accumulators stands in front of
mobile electronics too.
4)
Such Super-capacitors have good dynamic characteristics, plenty of the
charge/discharge cycles but their specific capacity racks in some times bellow
the specific capacity of leaden batteries?
5)
We propose the new technology of creation of the accumulator on the basis of
the capacitor from nanostructured dielectric with specific capacity 1.6 MJ/kg
and with practically infinite charge/discharge cycles – “quantum
super-capacitor.”
4.Write initial forms of
the following words.
1) generating
2) recharging
3) consumer
4) comparable
5) reduction
5.Form verbs from the
following words.
1) accumulator
2) continuous
3) recharging
4) consumer
5) generator
Codes and Standards of Building Energy Efficiency:
A Regional Approach
Among the basic principles of the proposed
normative document are the establishment of general requirements based on the
overall energy consumption of the building- The means for meeting these
requirements are left to the building designer. Thus the designer has the
freedom to achieve the designated energy targets more rationally, depending on
climatic, energy, and construction particularities of the region where the
building is to be located.
A new index is proposed as the basis of the
model regional standard - - the specific energy consumption of the building
during the heating season. By means of this index, the overall energy
efficiency of the whole building is defined, including both the thermal
envelope and the heat supply system. Since there might be the risk of achieving
the given energy-consumption level by lowering thermal comfort, this version of
the standards foresees special requirements for thermal comfort.
A building design will satisfy the requirements
of the given standards if the calculated specific energy consumption during the
heating season does not exceed the values of a region-specific function, chosen
for a region on the basis of local conditions. A building envelope in
compliance with the model standard must be designed in correspondence with
general energy-consumption requirements, or either prescriptive requirements
for the building envelope or requirements for the building envelope and the
heat supply system.
The simultaneous design of the building
envelope and the heat-provision system allows the possibility of achieving a
balance between the level of thermal-envelope performance and the delivery of
heat from the HVAC system, through adjustments either to the envelope or to
heating systems, compensating through increased efficiency for excess heat
losses elsewhere.
The model regional standard includes
requirements for the verification of energy parameters during the design and
construction stages, and also after one year of operation. To these ends, the
model standard foresees the "Energy Passport" of the building, a
certification system in the form of an Excel computer spreadsheet. We also
propose the use of the Energy Passport for calculation of the monthly energy
consumption of the operating building through regional
weather-station
data, by which payments for supply of heat energy may be determined if actual
heat meters are absent.
In
this report, we also describe the experience of the development of
energy-efficiency standards in Moscow, which have been in force since 1994. We
also discuss the restructuring of the construction industry of the city of
Moscow through transition to construction of buildings with efficient insulating
materials. Using the example of the city of Tula, we show the experience of
finding the financial means for implementation of regional standards.
The
authors present two primary advantages of these regional standards, which are
especially important for regions.
The first advantage lies with standardization based on
energy-consumption properties of the building. This advantage allows the
achievement of energy efficiency via various technical possibilities, such as
increased thermal-envelope performance, or improvements to the HVAC system.
The second advantage lies with the use of the Energy Passport of the
building. This advantage allows for more precise calculation of monthly energy
consumption than current calculation methodologies now used in Russia, Thus
regions and municipalities can more accurately determine their correct
expenditures on demanded heat energy.
Such regional standards can be developed in response to the Russian
Federation Law "On Energy Conservation" under the general name
"Energy-Efficient Buildings".
The implementation of regional standards will
yield energy conservation in regions of up to 40-50% and will bring about
savings of budget resources for heat-energy subsidies of up to 40% over
existing levels.
1.Questions.
1) What is the basis of the model regional standards?
2) What are the requirements for a building to satisfy the requirements of
the given standards?
3) What does the simultaneous design of the building envelope and the
heat-provision system allows?
4) What requirements does the model
regional standards includes?
5) What are two advantages of regional standards?
2.
Find 5 sentences with gerund.
3
Write out 5 Infinitives and translate them .
4.
Write out 5 verbs in the passive voice.
5.
Make up sentences with the words from exer.4.
European energy charter
According to the European Energy Charter (EEC), signed
by the Republic of Croatia in December of 1991 in the Hague, the introduction
of the European long term energy cooperation model as part of market economy
has been foreseen based on the cooperation of the signatory countries. The
Charter promotes the following: development of trade within the energy sector
based on an open and competitive market of energy products, equipment and services;
commercial energy sector development and research; regional and international
approach; elimination of technical, administrative or any other barrier in the
trade of energy products, equipment, technologies and services; modernization,
renovation and rationalization of generation, transformation, transport,
distribution and utilization equipment; and the advancement of admission to
capital, especially through an adequate
financial instruction.
The European Energy Charter Treaty, as an implementation
document, ratified by the Croatian Parliament in September of 1997(NN 15/97)
tries to establish cooperation among
the signatory countries, thus
eliminating the discrimination of
either domestic or foreign investors in
the field of the energy sector. Besides, the host country is obliged to allow
transfer of profit and to accept the investor’s key personnel. The Charter’s
regulations are basically expressed in the existing Croatian legislative framework. As regards the natural gas supply
system, having signed the Charter, the
Republic of Croatia, accepted the obligation of allowing natural gas
transit for other countries by a high pressure natural gas transport system if
technically possible.
1 Questions:
1. What is European Energy Charter?
2. When did the Republic of Croatia sign the EEC?
3. Where did the Republic of Croatia sign the EEC?
4. Did the Republic of Croatia ratified the EEC?
5. What obligations Croatia should execute agrees the ЕЕС?
6. In what document instructions of Charter are expressed?
7. How transportation of gas from the Republic of Croatia is made?
8. Whether Croatia has resolved transit of gas through the territory?:
1. Find in the text equivalents of
these words and word combinations
1) Бєсекелесуге ќабілетті нарыќ
2) Техникалыќ кедергілерді жою / болдырмау
3)
Келісім шарт
4)
Даму жєне зерттеу
5)
Кіріспе
6)
Ќайта ќ±ру
7) Ќол ќою
2. Say true or false
1) The Republic of Croatia
signed the European Energy Charter in November of 1991 in Luxemburg
2) The Charter promotes
the development of trade within the energy sector based on an open and
competitive market of energy products
3) Croatian Parliament
did not ratified the European Energy Charter in September of 1997
4) European Energy
Charter Treaty, as an implementation document tries to establish cooperation among the signatory countries, thus eliminating the discrimination of either domestic or foreign investors in the field
of the energy sector.
5) Host country is not
obliged to allow transfer of profit and to accept the investor’s key personnel.
3 Make
sentences with any 3 words from first exercise.
4
Match the words similar in meaning.
Republic so (and)
Treaty owner
Thus count
Host contract
5
Fill in prepositions:
1) European Energy Charter Treaty tries to … cooperation among the signatory
countries, thus eliminating the discrimination of either domestic or foreign investors in the field
of the energy sector.
2) Republic of Croatia accepted the obligation of … natural gas transit for other countries by a high pressure natural gas
transport system if technically possible.
3) The Charter …
the development of trade within the energy sector based on an open and competitive market of energy
products, equipment and services
Energy generation and environmental protection
Energy generation and consumption are significant
producers of global and local pollution. The future energy sector development
in Croatia should be based on
generation and consumption of
energy in accordance with the requirements for human health protection,
protection of biological and surrounding diversity, and local, regional and
global environment quality. Environmental protection goals have been defined
according to these basic directions and
the following principles can be emphasized:
1 energy generation in Croatia should be in keeping with the environment
protection principles,
2 increase of energy efficiency and renewable resource share in all fields of economy, housing and
centralized thermal systems,
3 development of the technological, institutional, and legal basis and
international cooperation to reduce the energy sector environmental impacts,
4 development and maintenance of
the scientific basis for environmental concern within the energy sector.
Environmental protection measures in the energy sector include:
1 infrastructure projects
(removal of barriers, emission reduction by planned measures, development
plans),
2 laws and regulations (additions to the exciting ones,
additions of the environmental protection principles to the laws that regulate
the energy sector and energy sector and energy markets),
3 economic and financial measures (principle of “polluter fees” and
subventions; including externals in the energy source price, emission trade
etc),
4 fiscal measures (taxes, tax and customs allowances),
5 research stimulation and application of technological solutions for
pollution reduction,
scientific research.
Questions:
1
What is the essential producer of global and local pollution?
2 On
what the future development of sector of energy in Croatia should be based?
3
What requirements are presented for development of sector of energy in Croatia?
4
Name main principles of development of sector of energy?
5
What measures are necessary for undertaking for protection of an environment?
1
What measures of punishment for struggle
against infringers you offer?
1. Give Russian equivalents:
Energy generation
Significant
Surrounding diversity
Environmental impacts
Polluter fees
2. Match the words from the text with
their opposites( a-e):
1)
Pollution(line2) a
inclusion
2)
Basic(line6) b
increase
3)
Following(line6) c clarification
4)
Reduce(line13) d additional
5)
Removal(18) e previous
3.
Say true or false
1)
Energy generation and consumption are not significant producers of global and
local pollution
2) The future development of sector of energy in Croatia should be based
on generation and consumption of energy according to requirements for
protection of interests of manufacturers of energy
3) Environmental protection goals have been defined according to these
basic directions and the following principles can not be emphasized:
1 energy generation in Croatia should be in keeping with the environment
protection principles,
2
increase of energy efficiency and renewable resource share in all fields of
economy, housing and centralized thermal systems,
3
development of the technological,
institutional, and legal basis and international cooperation to reduce the
energy sector environmental impacts,
4
development and maintenance of the
scientific basis for environmental concern within the energy sector.
Energy market
The Republic of Croatia has signed the European Energy
Charter Treaty that establishes the legal framework for enhancing a long term
cooperation in the energy sector and promotes access to the international
energy markets based on trading principles.
The electricity and natural gas markets are held by
two state owned companies, HEP and INA. A combination of public ownership over
infrastructure and private undertakings is a recommended solution that will
ensure a long term market development and satisfy all safety criteria. The
benefits will be in favor of energy consumers, market liberalization and
de-monopolization.
Natural
gas consumption will rise according
to all scenarios of energy sector development, and thus the principles of gas
market development are recommended.
Refinery petroleum processing
in the Republic of Croatia is not competitive enough due to high costs of
production and sale. The share of domestic oil in the Croatian market will
gradually decrease. In Croatia, oil derivative import, sale and distribution
are at present fully liberalized. Thus, trade legislation needs to be
established in order to protect consumers and secure public interests.
As the coal market is an open market, the quality of
imported coal needs to be regulated to prevent the import of coal with a high
percentage of harmful components.
The electric energy market must be established in such a way to ensure consumer
interests, meaning that electric energy trade should be performed at an
efficient electric energy market and in a financially reasonable way. The
public function and public ownership of
the network will assure an open access and fair electric energy trade.
Principles for the electric energy market development in electric energy
generation, transmission and disribution are recommended.
Questions:
1 What document establishes legal frameworks to increase long-term
cooperation in sector of energy and advances access on the international
markets of energy based on trade by principles?
2 What companies in Croatia support the market of an electricity and
natural gas?
3 What guarantees long-term market development?
4 Who will receive benefit from cooperation of the state and private
enterprises?
5 At what level there is an import of oil in the Republic of Croatia?
6 What it is necessary to undertake to improve quality of exported coal?
7 What it is necessary to undertake to improve a condition electric
energy sector?
8 What principles of electric development of the market of energy?
9 How you estimate a condition of power system in Croatia?
10 Whether it corresponds to development of heat power sector in other
European countries?
1.Say true or false
1) The Republic of Croatia has
not signed the European Energy Charter Treaty.
2) The electricity and natural gas markets are held by two state owned
companies, NBA and IRA.
3) The oil of a cleaning factory processing in Republic of Croatia - is
competitive enough because of high expenses of manufacture and sale.
4) The share of domestic oil in the Croatian market will gradually
increase.
5) The benefits will not be in favor of energy consumers, market
liberalization and demonopolization.
2.Give the definitions of
following words:
1) long-term cooperation
2) competitive
3) benefit
4) energy generation
5) efficient electric energy market
3. Match the words from the text with
their opposites a-e:
1) enhancing a) short
2) long-term b) low
3) not enough c) close
4) high d)
reduction
5) open e) quite
Gas
Production
of gas in the existent fields is proposed
to stay state-owned, and to be financed from the production price. New
projects could be financed from different sources on the feasibility criteria,
including joint ventures with private domestic and foreign investors.
Transportation of gas should remain public (state)
owned, as a uniform national project, with different sources of financing. A
uniform national project enables the participation of different users,
existent or new ones, in the gas
transport network development.
In the sector of gas distribution, the long-term
objective is to provide disribution network all over of the Croatian territory,
which remain stately (or public) owned. In the areas already covered with the
gas distribution network, this network is publicly (stately or locally) owned.
For the areas not yet covered with the disribution network, a possible solution
for stretching the network may be the
concession agreement, where after the expiration period, the network
remains in local community ownership. The consumer participation in the
distribution network construction needs to be legally regulated:
1 As a obligatory participation on the level of objective costs of the
network connection;
2 As a solution in case of the local community participation in the
network construction, on the basis of the basis of the invested amount
refunding.
Questions:
1
As you consider: manufacture of gas should
belong to the state or private enterprises?
2
Who should adjust transportation of gas?
3
What purpose faces to the long-term
conception of development of gas branch in Croatia?
Solar energy - Sunen
The solar energy potential in the coastal regions of
Croatia is much higher than the total final energy consumption of thermal and
electric energy. The part of the primary solar energy transformed to the final
thermal electric energy will depend,
firstly, on the consumption load diagram of local economy, households and
public sector, and secondly, on the price of the final energy and thirdly on
the development of diverse solar technologies which are still improving their
technical and commercial performances.
The main goal of SUNEN, until 2010, has been set to
substitute fossil fuels and electric energy in the preparation of the DHW in
households and tourism. Not later that 2020, a significant part of the heating
and cooling energy for the coastal
region should be covered by the hybrid solar thermal power plants which will
use solar energy together with LPG and/or
natural gas, where the economic part of solar energy will be about 50
percent of the total final energy consumption.
Commercial photovoltaic power plants are not
excepted before 2005, however, it is
expected that the prices of the solar modules shall be lowered by a factor of
three or more. It can be excepted after 2005, islands and some coastal regions
could start installing PV systems of peak power between 100 and 200 kWp.
It is also probable that thermal solar power plants in
hybrid combinations of solar heliostats and LPG and/or natural gas will be
commercially available after the year 2010.
Passive use of solar energy in Dalmatia and the
islands, particularly in the tourist sector could get good results. After 2030
most of the hotels and other capacities by retrofit and all new tourist
capacities expected to be built after 2000 will use active and passive solar energy.
Questions:
1 In what areas of the Croatia the solar potential of energy is higher
than full final consumption of energy of thermal and electric energy?
2 On what the part of the primary solar energy transformed to final
thermal electric energy will depend?
3 I n what the overall objective of program SUNEN consists?
4 About what year program SUNEN should replace with fuel of a fossil and
electric energy in preparation DHW in households and tourism?
5 By what year the coastal region should proceed to a solar energy?
6 What percent of use of a solar energy in solar thermal power stations?
7 Whether commercial photo-galvanic power stations today are ENTERED
input? Why?
8 What kinds thermal solar power station become available after 2010?
ere in Croatia the solar energy
is used?
1.Fill in prepositions:
1)
The solar energy potential in the coastal regions of Croatia is much … than the total final energy
consumption of thermal and electric energy.
2)
It can be excepted after 2005, islands and some coastal regions
could start … PV systems of peak
power between 100 and 200 kWp.
3)
It is also probable that thermal solar power plants in hybrid combinations of
solar heliostats and LPG and/or natural gas will be commercially … after the year 2010.
2. Give the definitions of following words:
Consumption
Goal
Photovoltaic power plants
Hybrid
Household
3. Find equivalents in the text of
these words and word combinations.
Солнечная энергия
Солнечные гибридные тепловые
электростанции
Особенно
Прибрежные области
Потребление энергии
4. Say true or false
1)
The solar energy potential in the coastal regions of Croatia is much higher
than the total final energy consumption of thermal and electric energy.
2)
It is also probable that thermal solar power plants in hybrid combinations of
solar heliostats and LPG and/or natural gas will be commercially available
after the year 2050.
3)
The main goal of SUNEN, until 2010, has been set to substitute fossil fuels and
electric energy in the preparation of the DHW .
2006 ж. жиынтыќ жоспары, реті37
Касымбекова Анара Талгарбековна
Аѓылшын тілі
Тіл жєне сµйлеу біліктерін дамыту
бойынша єдістемелік н±сќаулар
(жылу энергетика мамандыѓыныњ студенттері ‰шін)
Редакторы Ж.А.Байбураева
Басуѓа ќол
ќойылды
__.___.__
Пішімі 60х84 1/16
Тиражы 150 дана №1 типография
ќаѓазы
Баѓасы 62
тењге.
Алматы энергетика
жєне байланыс институтыныњ
кµшірмелі
– кµбейткіш бюросы
050013
Алматы, Байтурсынов к. 126 ж.