Некоммерческое акционерное общество
АЛМАТИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ
Кафедра Иностранные языки
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Методические указания “Makers of the electric circuit theory”
для студентов всех специальностей
Алматы 2012
Составитель: Г.С. Ахетова. Английский язык. Методические указания“Makers of the electric circuit theory” для студентов всех специальностей .– Алматы. АУЭС, 2012. –27 с.
Данные методические указания предназначены для развития когнитивных умений студентов всех специальностей. Целью методической разработки является формирование у будущих специалистов когнитивной компетенции.
Методические указания могут быть использованы при изучении дисциплины «Профессионально-ориентированный английский язык».
Рецензент: канд. филол.наук, доцент В.С. Козлов
Печатается по плану издания некоммерческого акционерного общества «Алматинский университет энергетики и связи» на 2012 г.
© НАО «Алматинский университет энергетики и связи», 2012 г
Text 1.
I. Read the text.
Allessandro
Volta
This endless circulation of the electric fluid may appear paradoxical, but it is no less true and real, and you may feel it with your hands.
Allessandro Volta
Electric circuit theory had its real beginning on March 20, 1800, when the Italian physicist Allessandro Volta announced his invention of the electric battery. This magnificent device allowed Volta to produce current electricity, a steady, continuous flow of electricity, as opposed to static electricity, produced in bursts by previous electrical machines such as the Leyden jar and Volta's own electrophorus.
Volta was born in the Italian city of Como, then a part of the Austrian Empire, and at age 18 he was performing electrical experiments and corresponding with well-known European electrical investigators. In 1782 he became professor of physics at the University of Padua, where he became involved in controversy with another well-known electrical pioneer, Luigi Galvani, professor of anatomy at Bologna. Galvani's experiments with frogs had led him to believe that current electricity was animal electricity caused by the organisms themselves. Volta, on the other hand, maintained that current electricity was metallic electricity, the source of which was the dissimilar metal probes attached to the frogs' legs. Both men were right. There is an animal electricity, and Galvani became famous as a founder of nerve physiology. Volta's great invention, however, revolutionized the use of electricity and gave the world one of its greatest benefits, the electric current. Volta was showered with honors during his lifetime. Napoleon made him a senator and later a count in the French Empire. After Napoleon's defeat, the Austrians allowed Volta to return to his Italian estate as a citizen in good stead. Volta was rewarded 54 years after his death when the unit of electromotive force was officially named the volt.
II. Answer to the following questions?
1) Who was Allessandro Volta?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What did he want to be?
5) When was he rewarded?
6) When did he die?
7) When did he become professor of physics?
8) What is the unit of electromotive force?
9) What great event was in 1800?
10) What was Volta’s greet invention?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“This endless circulation of the electric fluid may appear paradoxical, but it is no less true and real, and you may feel it with your hands.”
IV. Make up what combinations with the following words given below:
1) become
2) magnificent
3) great
4) electric
5) famous
6) device
7) discovery
8) circuit
9) produce
10) continuous
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss
Text 2.
I. Read the text.
Andre Marie Ampere
I shall call the first "electric tension" [voltage] and the second "electric current."
Andre Marie Ampere
On September 11,1820, the exciting announcement was read to the French Academy of Sciences of the discovery by the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted that an electric current produces a magnetic effect. One member of the Academy, Andre Marie Ampere, a French mathematics professor, was highly impressed and within 1 week had repeated Oersted's experiment, given a mathematical explanation of it, and in addition discovered that electric currents in parallel wires exert a magnetic force on each other.
Ampere was born in Lyon, France, and at an early age had read all the great works in his father's library. At age 12 he was introduced to the Lyon library and because many of its best mathematical works were in Latin, he mastered that language in a few weeks. In spite of two crushing personal tragedies-at age 18 he witnessed his father's execution on the French Revolutionaries and later his young, beloved wife died suddenly after only 4 years of marriage. Ampere was a brilliant and prolific scientist. He formulated many of the laws of electricity and magnetism and was the father of electrodynamics. The unit of electric current, the ampere, was chosen in his honor in 1881.
II. Answer to the following questions?
1) Who was Andre Marie Ampere?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What field of science was he interested in?
5) Who old was he when he was introduced to the Lyon library?
6) When did he die?
7) When did he become professor of physics?
8) What is the unit of electric current?
9) What great event was in 1820?
10) How do you think why he was the father of electrodynamics?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“I shall call the first "electric tension" [voltage] and the second "electric current."
IV. Give the definitions to the following words:
1) electric current
2) parallel wires
3) exciting announcement
4) magnetic force
5) voltage
6) electrodynamics
7) an electric circuit
8) mathematical explanation
9) the unit
10) prolific scientist
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss
Text 3.
I. Read the text.
Georg
Simon Ohm 
I herewith present to the public a theory of galvanic electricity [Ohm's Law].
Georg Simon Ohm
The most basic and most widely used of all the laws of electricity, Ohm's Law, was published in 1827 by the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm in his great work, The Galvanic Chain, Mathematically Treated. Without Ohm's Law we could not analyze the simplest galvanic chain (electric circuit), but at the time of its publication, Ohm's work was denounced by critics as "a web of naked fancies," the "sole effort" of which was "to detract from the dignity of nature."
Ohm was born in Erlangen, Bavaria, the oldest of seven children in a middle-class-to-poor family. He was an early dropout at the University of Erlangen but returned in 1811 and earned his doctorate and the first of several modest, low-paying mathematics teaching positions. To improve his lot, he threw himself into his electrical research at every opportunity allowed by his heavy teaching duties, and his efforts culminated in his famous law. Despite the misplaced criticisms of his work, during his lifetime Ohm received the fame that was due him. The Royal Society of London awarded him the Copley Medal in 1841, and the University of Munich gave him its Professor of Physics chair in 1849. He was also honored after his death when the ohm was chosen as the unit of electrical resistance.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Georg Simon Ohm?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What field of science was he interested in?
4) When was Ohm’s law published?
5) What was his famous law?
6) What is the unit of electrical resistance?
7) Why was Ohm’s work denounced?
8) What great event was in 1841?
9) What discoveries did he make?
10) What prices did he get?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“I herewith present to the public a theory of galvanic electricity [Ohm's Law].”
IV. Form verbs from the following adjectives.
Wide, simple, famous, dependent, electrical, controlled, important, fancy.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss
Text 4.
I. Read the text.
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
There must be a fundamental story here [on his research with Bunsen].
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
Ohm's Law is fundamental to electric circuits, but to analyze even the simplest circuit requires two additional laws formulated in 1847 by the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff. These laws—Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law—are the more remarkable when we consider that Kirchhoff's principal interest was in his pioneering work in spectroscopy with the noted German chemist Robert Bunsen, to whom we owe the Bunsen burner. In that field there is another law of Kirchhoff: Kirchhoff's law of radiation.
Kirchhoff was born in Konigsberg, East Prussia, the son of a lawyer. He entered the University of Konigsberg at age 18 and graduated with his doctorate five years later. Upon graduation in 1847 he married the daughter of Friedrich Richelot, one of his famous mathematics teachers, and at the same time received a rare travel grant for further study in Paris. The political unrest that led to the 1848 wave of revolutions in Europe forced him to change his plans, and he became a lecturer in Berlin. Two years later he met Bunsen and the two began their famous collaboration. Kirchhoff's great success in spectroscopy drew attention away from his contributions in other branches of physics, but without his electrical laws there would be no circuit theory.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Gustav Robert Kirchhoff?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What field of science was he interested in?
5) How old was he when he entered the University of Konigsberg?
6) What was Kirchhoff’s great success?
7) What is the Bunsen burner?
8) What forced him to change his plans?
9) When was he married?
10) When did he meet Bunsen?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“There must be a fundamental story here [on his research with Bunsen].”
IV. Form adjectives from the following verbs.
Analyze, simplify, add, remark, consider, change, electrify, magnetize, use, know.
V. Make up what combinations with the following words given below:
1) electric
2) principle
3) enter
4) receive
5) political
6) change
7) fundamental
grant
unrest
interest
circuit
plans
theory
the university
Text 5.
I. Read the text.
Hermann Von Helmholtz
The force of falling water can only flow down from the hills when rain and snow bring it to them.
Hermann von Helmholtz
The man many think was responsible for Thevenin's theorem, considered in this chapter, was Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, a physicist, physician, physiologist, and Germany's greatest scientist of the nineteenth century. He helped prove the law of conservation of energy, invented the ophthalmoscope, constructed a generalized form of electrodynamics, and foresaw the atomic structure of electricity. His anticipation of the existence of radio waves was later proven when they were discovered by one of his students, Heinrich Hertz.
Helmholtz was born in Potsdam, Germany, the oldest of six children of August Helmholtz and Caroline Penne Helmholtz, a descendent of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. He served 8 years as an army doctor to pay his obligations for his medical scholarship during his student years at the Friedrich Wilhelm Institute. His main interest, however, was physics, in which he gained his greatest fame. His 70th birthday was an occasion for nationwide celebrations in Germany. Three years later he died, having raised German science to the great heights to which his famous contemporary, Otto von Bismarck, had raised the German nation.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz?
2) When and where was he born?
3) Who was his father?
4) What discoveries did he make?
5) Why did he work as an army doctor?
6) What did he foresee?
7) How long did he work as an army doctor?
8) Where did he study?
9) What was his main interest?
10) When was he died?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“The force of falling water can only flow down from the hills when rain and snow bring it to them.”
IV. Give the synonyms to the following words:
1) scientist
2) invent
3) energy
4) discover
5) descendent
6) gain
7) founder
8) construct
9) foresee
10) theorem
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss
Text 6.
I. Read the text.
Leonhard Euler
Euler calculated without apparent effort, as men breathe, or as eagles sustain themselves in the wind.
Dominique Arago
The application of Kirchhoff's laws to a circuit of many nodes and loops can be extremely difficult, unless we use a branch of mathematics known as graph theory, which we introduce in this chapter. (A circuit with only 10 nodes and no parallel elements, for example, could have as many as 10s loops.) The father of graph theory was the great Swiss mathematician Leonhard , Euler, whose famous 1736 paper, "The Seven Bridges of Konigsberg," was the first treatise on the subject. He also made original important contributions to every branch of the mathematics of his day, and Euler's formula is the basis of the pharos method of solving ac circuits discussed in Chapter 10.
Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland, the son of a clergyman. He graduated from the University of Basel in 1724 and joined the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg in 1727 on the invitation of Catherine I. He served in a similar capacity at the German Academy of Sciences at the request of Frederick the Great in 1741. He was perhaps the most prolific mathematician of all time, even continuing to dictate books and papers after he became blind in 1766. He still found time for 13 children and 2 wives, the second of whom he took when he was 69 years old. Swiss mathematicians are still publishing his papers, and it is estimated that his works will eventually fill 60 to 80 large volumes.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Leonhard Euler?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) Who was the father graph theory?
5) Where did he study?
6) What is the basis of Euler's formula?
7) When did he join the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg?
8) When did he become blind?
9) How many children did he have?
10) What field of science did he do his research in?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“Euler calculated without apparent effort, as men breathe, or as eagles sustain themselves in the wind”
IV. Form verbs from the following nouns:
1) application
2) usage
3) contribution
4) foundation
5) estimation
6) invitation
7) calculation
8) discussion
9) quotation
10) introduction
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 7
I. Read the text.
Michael Faraday
My greatest discovery was Michael Faraday.
Sir Humphry Davy
On August 29,1831, Michael Faraday, the great English chemist and physicist, discovered electromagnetic induction, when he found that moving a magnet through a coil of copper wire caused an electric current to flow in the wire. Since the electric motor and generator are based on this principle, Faraday's discovery profoundly changed the course of world history. When asked by the British prime minister years later what use could be made of his discoveries, Faraday quipped, "Some day it might be possible to tax them."
Faraday, one of 10 children of a blacksmith, was born near London. He was first apprenticed to a bookbinder, but at age 22 he realized his boyhood dream by becoming assistant at the Royal Institution to his idol, the great chemist Sir Humphry Davy. He remained at the Institution for 54 years, taking over Davy's position when Davy retired. Faraday was perhaps the greatest experimentalist who ever lived, with achievements to his credit in nearly all the areas of physical science under investigation in his time. To describe the phenomena he investigated, he and a science-philosopher friend invented new words such as electrolysis, electrolyte, ion, anode, and cathode. To honor him, the unit of capacitance is named the farad.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Michael Faraday?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) Who was his father?
5) What new technical words did he invent?
6) What did he discover in 1831?
7) Where did he get his higher education?
8) Who was his idol?
9) What did he want to became?
10) What is the unit of capacitance?
III. Translate the following word combinations.
1) electromagnetic induction
2) copper wire
3) electric current
4) energy- storage elements
5) boyhood dream
6) areas of physical science
7) greatest experimentalist
8) the unit of capacitance
9) electrolysis, electrolyte
10) anode, cathode
IV. Define what parts of speech these words are:
discover, electromagnetic, coil, copper, cause, possible, tax, realize, boyhood, idol, remain, position, great, achievement, investigate, name, circuit.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 8.
I. Read the text.
Joseph Henry
Blot out these two names [Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday] and the civilization of the present world would become impossible.
H. S. Carhart
Michael Faraday's great discovery in 1831 of electromagnetic induction was being independently duplicated at about the same time by an American physicist Joseph Henry, but Faraday was credited with the discovery because his results were published first. Henry became famous, however, as the discoverer of the inductance (called self-inductance) of a coil and as the developer of powerful electromagnets capable of lifting thousands of pounds of weight. He was also America's foremost nineteenth-century physicist and the first secretary of the newly-formed Smithsonian Institution.
Henry was born near Albany, New York, and his early years were spent in poverty. His ambition was to become an actor until by chance at age 16 he happened upon a book of science, which caused him to devote his life to the acquisition of knowledge. He enrolled in the Albany Academy and upon graduation became a teacher there. In 1832 he joined the faculty of the College of New Jersey, now Princeton, and in 1846 joined the Smithsonian Institution. In his honor the unit of inductance was given the name henry 12 years after his death.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Joseph Henry?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What did he want to became?
5) How did he spend his early years?
6) What was his ambition?
7) When did he enroll in the Albany Academy?
8) How old was he when he became famous?
9) When did he join the faculty of the College of New Jersey?
10) What is the unit of inductance?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“Blot out these two names [Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday] and the civilization of the present world would become impossible.”
IV. Form nouns from the following words using suitable suffixes:
induce, ambitions, develop, publish, duplicate, denote, famous, enroll, graduate, possible.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 9.
I. Read the text.
Hans Christian Oersted
An attempt should be made to see whether electricity, in its most latent stage, has any effect on the magnet as such.
Hans Christian Oersted
Electromagnetism was discovered in the spring of 1820 by the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted when, during a lecture to an advanced group of students, he demonstrated that the needle of a compass moved when placed near a current-carrying wire. By July of that year, he was certain that an electric current produced about it a circular magnetic field, and he published his results in a short paper, written in Latin, and carried by the major scientific journals of Europe.
Oersted was born in the town of Rudkobing, on the Danish island of Langeland, the elder son of an apothecary, Soren Christian Oersted. Because of family problems, Hans and his younger brother were placed with a German wigmaker while they were still young boys. The brothers' intellectual abilities and extraordinary thirst for knowledge were soon apparent to the townspeople, who did what they could to educate them. In 1794 the brothers, with no prior formal education, were accepted by the University of Copenhagen, where Hans studied astronomy, chemistry, mathematics, physics, and pharmacy. He completed his training in pharmacy in 1797 and two years later received his doctorate in philosophy. After a brief stint as a pharmacist, he was attracted to the world of science, which was in ferment at the time over Volta's discovery of the electric battery. Between 1800 and 1820, he was a university teacher, researcher, publisher, and one of the most sought-after lecturers of his day.
Oersted's great discovery had an enormous impact on the scientific world. More than a hundred scientists published their comments and researches on electromagnetism within seven years of the discovery, and Oersted was showered with honors and awards. The Royal Society of London gave him the Copley Medal, and the French Academy awarded him a prize of 3000 gold francs. For the rest of his life, he was a recognized leader in science, and in his honor the oersted was chosen as the standard cgs unit of magnetic field intensity.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Hans Christian Oersted?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What did he want to became?
5) What field of science was he interested in?
6) Why he and his younger brother were placed with a German wigmaker?
7) Where did he get his higher education?
8) What prizes did he get?
9) Why did more than a hundred scientists publish their comments?
10) What is the unit of magnetic field intensity?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“An attempt should be made to see whether electricity, in its most latent stage, has any effect on the magnet as such.”
IV. Translate following word combinations and make up as many sentences as you can:
1) advanced group of students.
2) needle of compass.
3) current carrying wire.
4) magnetic field intensity.
5) intellectual abilities.
6) extraordinary thirst.
7) enormous impact.
8) doctorate in philosophy.
9) latent stage.
10) prior formal education.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss
Text 10.
I. Read the text.
Charles Proteus Steinmetz
have found the equation that will enable us to transmit electricity through alternating current over thousands of miles. I have reduced it to a simple problem in algebra.
Charles Proteus Steinmetz
The
use of complex numbers to solve ac circuit problems—the so-called pharos method
considered in this chapter—was first done by the German-Austrian mathematician
and electrical engineer Charles Proteus Steinmetz in a paper presented in
1893. He is noted also for the laws of hysteresis and for his work in
manufactured lightning.
Steinmetz was born in Breslau, Germany, the son of a government railway worker. He was deformed from birth and lost his mother when he was 1 year old, but this did not keep him from becoming a scientific genius. Just as his work on hysteresis later attracted the attention of the scientific community, his political activities while he was at the University at Breslau attracted the police. He was forced to flee the country just as he had finished the work for his doctorate, which he never received. He did electrical research in the United States, primarily with the General Electric Company. His paper on complex numbers revolutionized the analysis of ac circuits, though it was said at the time that no one but Steinmetz understood the method. In 1897 he also published the first book to reduce ac calculations to a science.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Charles Proteus Steinmetz?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What is the pharos method?
5) What is the law of hysteresis?
6) What did the scientist’s attention attract?
7) Where did he do his electrical research?
8) Why was he forced to flee the country?
9) What can you say about his childhood?
10) Do you know the other outstanding scientists in the field of electricity?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“I have found the equation that will enable us to transmit electricity through alternating current over thousands of miles. I have reduced it to a simple problem in algebra.”
IV. Give the synonyms to the following words:
1) complex
2) to transmit
3) to present
4) to note
5) to attract
6) to force
7) to receive
8) research
9) community
10) calculation
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 11.
I. Read the text.
Samuel F. B. Morse
What hath God wrought! [The famous message tapped out on the first telegraph]
Samuel F. B. Morse
The first practical application of electricity is said by many to be the telegraph, developed by Samuel F. B. Morse, an American portrait painter and inventor. Morse built on the ideas of the famous American physicist Joseph Henry, using the opening and closing of relays to produce the dots and dashes (or Morse code) that represent letters and numbers.
Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the son of a minister and author. He studied to be an artist at Yale and the Royal Academy of Arts in London, and by 1815 he was considered to be moderately successful. In 1826 he helped found and became the first president of the National Academy of Design. But the previous year his wife had died, in 1826 his father died, and in 1828 his mother died. The following year the distressed Morse went to Europe to recover and study further. In 1832, while returning home on board the passenger ship Sully, he met an eccentric inventor and became intrigued with developing a telegraph, the principle of which had already been considered by Henry. By 1836 Morse had a working model, and in 1837 he acquired a partner, Alfred Vail, who financed the project. Their efforts were rewarded with a patent and the financing by Congress of a telegraph in 1844, over which Morse—on May 24, 1844—sent his now-famous message, "What hath God wrought!"
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Samuel F. B. Morse?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What was the first practical application of electricity?
5) What did Morse used to produce dots and dashes?
6) Where did he study?
7) When did he become the first president of the national Academy of design?
8) What events were in 1826 and 1828?
9) Whom did he meet in 1832 on the board of passenger ship “Sully”?
10) What was his famous message?
III. Read the quotation carefully, discuss and translate.
“What hath God wrought! [The famous message tapped out on the first telegraph].”
IV. Translate and make up as many sentences as you can using the following word combinations:
1) practical application of electricity
2) portrait painter
3) to produce the dots and dashes
4) to be moderately successful
5) the following year
6) an eccentric inventor
7) become intrigued
8) a working model
9) rewarded with a patent
10) to recover and to study.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 12.
I. Read the text.
James Prescott Joule
The heating of a conductor depends upon its resistance and the square of the current passing through it.
James P. Joule
The man to whom we are indebted for the familiar expression i2R for the power dissipated in a resistor is the English physicist James Prescott Joule, who published the result as Joule's law in 1841. He also shared in the famous discovery of the conservation of energy.
Joule was born in Salford, England, the second of five children of a wealthy brewer. He taught himself electricity and magnetism at home as a young boy and obtained his formal education at nearby Manchester University. His experiments on heat were conducted in his home laboratory, and to maintain the accuracy of his measurements he was forced to develop his own system of units. His chief claim to fame is that he did more than any other person to establish the idea that heat is a form of energy. Throughout most of his life Joule was an isolated amateur scientist, but toward the end of his years his work was recognized by honorary doctorates from Dublin and Oxford. In his honor the unit of energy was named the joule,
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was James Prescott Joule?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) When was Joule’s law published?
5) Where did he obtain his formal education?
6) Where did he make his experiments on heat?
7) What was his great idea?
8) Why was he isolated?
9) What is the unit of energy?
10) What other outstanding scientists do you know?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“The heating of a conductor depends upon its resistance and the square of the current passing through it.”
IV. Give the antonyms to the following words:
indebt, familiar, dissipate, wealth, to be born, young, formal, heat, conductor, to claim.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 13.
I. Read the text.
Thomas Alva Edison
Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.
Thomas A. Edison
The greatest American inventor and perhaps the greatest inventor in history was Thomas Alva Edison, who changed the lives of people everywhere with such inventions as the electric light and the phonograph. He patented over 1100 inventions of his own and improved many other persons' inventions, such as the telephone, the typewriter, the electric generator, and the motion picture. Perhaps most importantly of all, he was one of the first to organize research, at one time employing some 3000 helpers.
Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, the youngest of seven children. He had only 3 months of formal education because his mother took him out of school and taught him herself. He asked too many questions to get along with the schoolmaster. He was exempt from military service because of deafness, and during the Civil War he roamed from city to city as a telegraph operator. During this time he patented improvements on the stock ticker and sold the patents for the then astounding price of $40,000. In 1876 he moved to Menlo Park, New Jersey, and from there his steady stream of inventions made him world famous. The electric light was his greatest invention, but to supply it to the world he also designed the first electric power station. His discovery of the Edison effect, the movement of electrons in the vacuum of his light bulb, also marked the beginning of the age of electronics.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Thomas Alva Edison?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) Who changed the lives of people?
5) What did he invent?
6) How many inventions did he patent?
7) What inventions did he improve?
8) How many helpers did he have?
9) Why did he have only 3 months of formal education?
10) What was his great discovery?
III. Read the quotation carefully, discuss and translate.
“Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.”
IV. Fill the table:
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improvement |
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V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 14.
I. Read the text.
Nikola Tesla
He [Tesla] was the greatest inventor in the realm of electrical engineering.
W.H. Eccles
If Thomas A. Edison has a rival for the title of the world's greatest inventor, it is certainly the Croatian-American engineer, Nikola Tesla. When the tall, lanky Tesla arrived in the United States in 1884, the country was in the middle of the "battle of the currents" between Thomas A. Edison, promoting dc, and George Westing-house, leading the ac forces. Tesla quickly settled the argument in favor of ac with his marvelous inventions, such as the polyphone ac power system, the induction motor, the Tesla coil, and fluorescent lights.
Tesla was born in Smiljan, Austria-Hungary (now Yugoslavia), the son of a clergyman of the Greek Orthodox Church. As a boy Tesla had a talent for mathematics and an incredible memory, with the ability to recite by heart entire books and poems. He spent 2 years at the Polytechnic Institute of Graz, Austria, where he conceived the idea of the rotating magnetic field that was the later basis for his induction motor. At this point in Tesla's life his father died, and he decided to leave school, taking a job in Paris with the Continental Edison Company. Two years later he came to America, where he remained until his death. During his remarkable lifetime he held over 700 patents, settled the ac versus dc dispute, and was primarily responsible for the selection of 60 Hz as the standard ac frequency in the United States and throughout much of the world. After his death he was honored by the choice of tesla as the unit of magnetic flux density.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Nikola Tesla?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) When did he arrive?
5) Who was his father?
6) What did he want to be?
7) What abilities did he have?
8) Who many years did he spend at the Polytechnic Institute of Graz?
9) Why did he decide to leave school?
10) What is the unit of magnetic flux density?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“Westinghouse was one of the world's true noblemen ... to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude.”
IV. Translate the following words combinations and make up as many sentences as you can:
1) Battle of currents
2) to settle of arguments to settle of arguments
3) marvelous inventions
4) induction on motor
5) fluorescent lights
6) incredible memory
7) rotating magnetic field
8) remarkable life time
9) magnetic flux density
10) responsible for the selection.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 15.
I. Read the text.
Alexander Graham Bell
Mr. Watson, come here. I want you.
Alexander Graham Bell
Undoubtedly the most common and most widely used electrical instrument is the telephone, invented by the Scottish-American scientist Alexander Graham Bell. The date was June 2, 1875, when Bell and his assistant Thomas Watson transmitted a musical note. The first intelligible telephone sentences, "Mr. Watson, come here. I want you," were spoken inadvertently by Bell himself on March 10, 1876, when he called Watson to come to an adjoining room to help with some spilled acid.
Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father, Alexander Melville Bell, was a well-known speech teacher and his grandfather, Alexander Bell, was also a speech teacher. Young Bell, after attending the University of Edinburgh and the University of London, also became a speech teacher. In 1866 Bell became interested in trying to transmit speech electrically after reading a book describing how vowel sounds could be made with tuning forks. Shortly afterwards, Bell's two brothers died of tuberculosis and Melville Bell moved his family to Canada for health reasons. In 1873 young Graham became a professor at Boston University and began his electrical experiments in his spare time. It was there that he formed his partnership with Watson and went on to his great invention. Bell's telephone patent was the most valuable one ever issued, and the telephone opened a new age in the development of civilization.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Alexander Graham Bell?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What electrical instrument is widely used?
5) When was invented the telephone?
6) What was the first intelligible telephone sentences?
7) Who was his father and grandfather?
8) Why was he interested in transmitting speech electrically?
9) Why did his family move to Canada?
10) When did he become a professor of Boston University?
III. Enumerate the main advantages of telephone as a means of telecommunication using the following word combinations:
1) telephone network
2) spread around the globe
3) telephone call
4) to transmit speech
5) direct connection
6) telephone exchange
7) for a long distances
8) widely used
IV. Match the two parts of the following sentences:
1) we use telephone
2) the telephone was invented
3) the telephone network
4) the telephone opened
5) when we want to speak to someone
a) far away we make a telephone call
b) a new age in the development of civilization
c) to talk to people far away
d) by Scottish American scientist A.G.Bell.
e) spread around the globe in the twentieth century.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write
down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 16.
I. Read the text.
George Westinghouse
Westinghouse was one of the world's true noblemen ... to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude.
Nikola Tesla
In the battle of the currents of the 1880s, ac won over dc because of the fabulous inventions of Nikola Tesla, the availability of transformers to step up and step down the ac voltages, and the genius of George Westinghouse. Westinghouse had already made his fortune in 1869 with the invention of the air brake for railroad trains. He was shrewd enough to use his wealth to hire Tesla and to buy the patent from Lucien Gaulard and John D. Gibbs for their newly developed practical transformer.
Westinghouse was born in Central Bridge, New York, the son of a prosperous machine factory owner. He served in the Union army and navy during the Civil War and then attended Union College before striking out on his own. By the time he was 40 years old, he had formed the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, developed a system of pipes to conduct natural gas safely into homes, and invented the gas meter. He organized the Westinghouse Electric Company in 1886, which he used as a base to advocate successfully the ac system. Westinghouse was one of America's greatest inventors and one of the true giants of United States industry.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was George Westinghouse?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) When was the battle of the currents between a c and d c?
5) What invention did he discover in 1569?
6) Who was his father?
7) What is the availability of transformers?
8) Where did he serve?
9) How old was he when he formed the Westinghouse Air Brake Company?
10) When did he organize Westinghouse Electric Company?
III. How do you understand the meaning of Nikola Tesla’s sayings about George Westinghouse: Discuss and translate
“Westinghouse was one of the world's true noblemen ... to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude”
IV. Agree or disagree with the following sentences:
1) Alternating current won over direct current because of the fabulous inventions of
Nikola Tesla.
2) George Westinghouse had already made his fortune in 1879.
3) George Westinghouse was born in central Bridge in London.
4) He was 30 years old when he formed the Westinghouse Air Brake Company.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 17.
I. Read
the text.
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
A great mathematical poem.
Lord Kelvin on the Fourier Series
In 1822 a greatly influential pioneer work on the mathematical theory of heat conduction was published by the great French mathematician, Egyptologist, and administrator Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier. It was a masterpiece not only because of the new field of heat conduction that it explored, but also because of the infinite series of sinusoids that it developed; the latter became famous as the Fourier series. With the Fourier series, we are no longer restricted in the shortcut phasor methods to circuits whose inputs are sinusoids.
Fourier was born in Auxerre, France, the son of a tailor. He attended a local military school conducted by Benedictine monks and showed such proficiency in mathematics that he later became a mathematics teacher in the school. Like most Frenchmen his age he was swept into the politics of the French Revolution and its aftermath and more than once came near to losing his life. He was one of the first teachers in the newly formed Ecole Polytechnique and later became its professor of mathematical analysis. At age 30 Fourier was appointed scientific advisor by Napoleon on an expedition to Egypt and for 4 years was secretary of the Institute d'Egypte, the work of which marked Egyptology as a separate discipline. He was prefect of the department of Isere from 1801 to 1814, where he wrote his famous treatise on heat conduction. He completed a book on algebraic equations just before his death in 1830.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What was published in 1822?
5) Why was it called as Fourier series?
6) What field of science did he do his research in?
7) Why was his interested in politics of the French Revolution?
8) When did he write his famous treatise on heat conduction?
9) What book did he write before his death in 1830?
10) How old was he when he was appointed scientific advisor by Napoleon on an expedition to Egypt?
III. Translate following word combinations using dictionary:
1) influential pioneer work
2) heat conduction
3) infinite series of sinusoids
4) the shortcut phasor methods
5) swept into the politics
6) local military school
7) proficiency in mathematics
8) scientific advisor
9) famous treatise
10) algebraic equations
IV. Explain why:
a) infinite series of sinusoids became famous as the Fourier series.
b) he was appointed scientific advisor.
c) Egyptology was marked as a separate discipline.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 18.
I. Read the text.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
That was no mean performance. [On his verification of Maxwell's theories]
Heinrich
Hertz
The way for the development of radio, television, and radar was opened by the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz with his discovery in 1886-1888 of electromagnetic waves. His work confirmed the 1864 theory of the great English physicist James Clerk Maxwell that such waves existed.
Hertz was born in Hamburg, the oldest of five children in a prominent and prosperous family. After graduation from high school he spent a year with an engineering firm in Frankfurt, a year of volunteer military service in Berlin, and then a year at the University of Munich. Finally he entered the University of Berlin as a student of the great physicist Hermann von Helmholtz. Later Hertz received his doctorate and was a professor at Karlsruhe when he began his quest for electromagnetic waves. It was there that he met Elizabeth Doll, the daughter of one of his fellow professors, and after a 3-month courtship they were married. Only a few years after his famous discovery, Hertz died on New Year's Day in 1894 of a bone malignancy at the young age of 37. His researches ushered in the modern communication age, and in his honor the unit of frequency (cycles per second) was named the hertz.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Heinrich Rudolf Hertz?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What work was confirmed in 1864?
5) Where did he work after graduation from high school?
6) Where did he study?
7) What degrees did he receive?
8) Who was Elizabeth Doll?
9) When did he die?
10) What is the unit of frequency?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“That was no mean performance. [On his verification of Maxwell's theories].”
IV. Translate the following words combinations and make up as many sentences as you can:
1) electromagnetic waves
2) prosperous family
3) graduation from high school
4) engineering firm
5) volunteer military service
6) famous discovery
7) Fourier Transforms
8) 3-month courtship
9) cycles per second
10) the unit of frequency
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries discuss.
Text 19.
I. Read the text.
Pierre Simon Laplace
There was no need for God in my hypothesis [to Napoleon, who had to ask].
Pierre Simon Laplace
Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace, the famous French astronomer and mathematician, is credited with the transform that bears his name and allows us to further generalize the generalized phasor method to analyze circuits with nonsinusoidal inputs. Laplace was better known, however, for Celestial Mechanics, his master work, which summarized the achievements in astronomy from the time of Newton.
Laplace was born in Beaumont-en-Auge, in Normandy France. Little is known of his early life other than that his fathei was a farmer because the snobbish Laplace, after he became famous, did not like to speak of his humble origins. Rich neigh bors, it is said, recognized his talent and helped finance his education, first at Caen and later at the military school in Beau mont. Through the efforts of the famous physicist d'Alembert who was impressed by his abilities and his effrontery, Laplact became a professor of mathematics in Paris at age 20. He wa; an opportunist, shifting his political allegiance as required so tha his career successfully spanned three regimes in revolutionar France—the republic, the empire of Napoleon, and the Bourboi restoration. Napoleon made him a count and Louis XVIII mad' him a marquis. His mathematical abilities, however, were ger uine, inspiring the great mathematician Simeon Poisson to lab< him the Isaac Newton of France.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Pierre Simon Laplace?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) Why was he famous for?
5) What field of science was he interested in?
6) Why was little known about his childhood?
7) Who helped with his education?
8) How old was he when he became a professor of mathematics?
9) What was his job during the empire of Napoleon?
10) Why was he given the label “Isaac Newton of France”?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“There was no need for God in my hypothesis [to Napoleon, who had to ask].”
IV. Give the synonyms to the following words:
1) famous
2) to transform
3) to allow
4) to summarize
5) to recognize
6) to require
7) to make
8) to inspire
9) an opportunist
10) allegiance
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Text 20.
I. Read the text.
Oliver Heaviside
[Electromagnetics] has been said to be too complicated. This probably came from a simple-minded man.
Oliver Heaviside
The words inductance, capacitance, and impedance were given to us by the great English physicist and engineer, Oliver Heaviside, who also pioneered in the use of Laplace and Fourier transforms in the analysis of electric circuits, first suggested the existence of an ionized atmospheric layer (now called the ionosphere) that can reflect radio waves, and is said to have predicted the increase of mass of a charge moving at great speeds before Einstein formulated his theory of relativity. He not only coined the word impedance but introduced its concept to the solution of ac circuits.
Heaviside was born in London, the youngest of four sons of Thomas Heaviside, an engraver and watercolorist, and Rachel Elizabeth West, a sister-in-law of the famous physicist Sir Charles Wheatstone. Young Oliver's schooling ended when he was 16, but he trained himself at home in languages, mathematics, and the natural sciences. He became a telegraph operator in 1870, but in 1874 he was forced to retire because of increasing deafness. From then until his death he led a hermitlike existence, devoting himself to investigations of electrical phenomena and publishing such works as Electrical Papers in 1892 and a three-volume treatise, Electromagnetic Theory (1893-1912). His free and original use of mathematics was decades ahead of his time and evoked controversy with his contemporaries. Nevertheless, his fame spread, and because of his great store of knowledge and the scientific help he generously extended to all who sought it, his home became known as The Inexhaustible Cavity. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1891 and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Gottingen. To solve the problem of his sometimes being unable to pay his dues, the Institution of Electrical Engineers made him an honorary member, and shortly before his death awarded him its first Faraday Medal.
II. Answer to the following questions.
1) Who was Oliver Heaviside?
2) When and where was he born?
3) What discoveries did he make?
4) What words were given by the great English physicist and engineer Oliver Heaviside?
5) Who proved first existence of an ionized atmospheric layer?
6) What did he predict before Einstein formulated his theory of relativity?
7) What field of science was he interested in?
8) What works were published in 1892?
9) Why was he elected as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1891?
10) What medal did he get before his death?
III. Read the quotation carefully and translate.
“[Electromagnetics] has been said to be too complicated. This probably came from a simple-minded man.”
IV. Translate the following words combinations and make up as many sentences as you can:
1) the analysis of electric circuits.
2) an ionized atmospheric layer
3) to reflect radio waves.
4) increase of mass of a charge.
5) theory of relativity.
6) a telegraph operator
7) a three-volume treatise
8) a hermitlike existence.
9) great store of knowledge.
10) investigations of electrical phenomena.
V. Do you know the other outstanding makers of electric circuit theory?
Write down the main facts about their discoveries and discuss.
Used Literature
1. David E. Johnson, Jonny R. Johnson, John L. Hilburn. Electric circuit analysis. 1999.736p
2. T.V. Kojevnikova. English for communications students. 2002. 330p.
3. M.E. Bahthcisraitseva, V.A. Kashirina. English for power Engineering students. 159p.
4. В.А. Судовцев. Учись читать литературу по специальности. 1985. 110стр.
5. Longman. Dictionary of Contemporary English. New Edition. 2000.
6. Oxford Russian Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Third Edition. 2003.
CONTENTS
|
1. |
Allessandro volta |
3 |
|
2. |
Andre marie ampere |
4 |
|
3. |
Georg Simon Ohm |
6 |
|
4. |
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff |
7 |
|
5. |
Hermann von Helmholtz |
8 |
|
6. |
Leonhard Euler |
10 |
|
7. |
Michael Faraday |
11 |
|
8. |
Joseph Henry |
13 |
|
9. |
Hans Christian Oersted |
14 |
|
10. |
Charles Proteus Steinmetz |
16 |
|
11. |
Samuel F. B. Morse |
17 |
|
12. |
James Prescott Joule |
19 |
|
13. |
Thomas Alva Edison |
20 |
|
14. |
Nikola Tesla |
21 |
|
15. |
Alexander Graham Bell |
23 |
|
16. |
George Westinghouse |
25 |
|
17. |
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier |
26 |
|
18. |
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz |
28 |
|
19. |
Pierre Simon Laplace |
29 |
|
20. |
Oliver Heaviside |
31 |
Сводный план 2012 г., поз. 263