Некоммерческое акционерное общество

АЛМАТИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ

Кафедра  иностранных  языков

                            

 

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания для улучшения навыков чтения

научно-технических текстов

 (для студентов специальности

5В074600 – «Космическая техника и технологии»)

 

 

 

 Алматы 2012

 

СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ: Ж.Б.Ержанова. Английский язык. Методические указания для улучшения навыков чтения научно-технических текстов (для студентов специальности 5В074600 – «Космическая техника и технологии ») – Алматы; АУЭС, -2012-33 с.

 

В методических указаниях рассматриваются основы перевода, лексические трудности перевода научно-технической литературы. Большое внимание уделяется вопросам терминологии, что дает возможность увеличить активный словарь по специальности.

Методические указания предназначены для студентов специальности космическая техника и технологии, занимающихся техническим переводом. 

 

Рецензент: Сябина Н.В. 

 

Печатается по плану издания некоммерческого акционерного общества «Алматинский университет энергетики и связи» на 2012 г.

 

 

© НАО «Алматинский университет энергетики и связи», 2012 г.

     

 

   Read and translate the text.                                

 

Inside a space shuttle

A space shuttle is an aeroplane with two rockets and a fuel tank. It can go up into space and come down  again. It can carry about seven people, satellites and a space laboratory called Spacelab.

On a space shuttle journey the astronauts send out satellites and look at life in space. They work and eat and sleep in the space shuttle.

The astronauts float around the space shuttle because in space there isn’t any gravity. They need special shoes inside the space shuttle, but they only put on space suits and helmets to go out of the shuttle.

It is very difficult to eat and drink. Food is usually made of powder. The astronauts add water to it. Then they drink it.

Vocabulary:

Space shuttle – spaceship (космический корабль )

Fueltank- бак с топливом

carry- переносить

satellite- спутник

astronauts- космонавты

floataround– быть в подвешенном состоянии

gravity- невесомость

spacesuit– космический костюм

helmet– шлем, скафандр

powder-порошок

add – добавлять

 

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1.        What is a space shuttle?

2.        What do the astronauts do on a space shuttle journey?

3.        Why do the astronauts float around the space shuttle?

4.        Do the astronauts wear space suits and helmets inside the shuttle?

5.        In the space shuttle, what is the food made of?

 

Exercise 2. Say if the statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. A space shuttle is an aeroplane with two rockets and a fuel tank. (T/F)

2. It can carry about ten people. (T/F)

3.On a space shuttle journey the astronauts send out satellites and look at life in space. (T/F)

4. Astronauts can’t eat and sleep on a space shuttle. (T/F)

5.Food is usually made of powder. The astronauts add water to it. (T/F)

 

 

Exercise 3. Find ten space shuttle worlds.

 

 

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Read and translate the text.

 

Television

Do you like Television? People in England like TV. They watch twenty hours of  television every week. How many hours of television do you watch every week? We make television programs in a TV studio. How do the camera pictures come from the TV studio to our houses? The pictures come through the sky in waves. We can’t see the waves, but our TV sets can change the waves into pictures. People in Japan can watch a programs from America. A satellite in space sends the TV pictures around the Earth.

 

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.             

1.   How many hours of televisions do you watch every day?

2.   Where do we make television programs?

3.   Can we see the waves?

4.   How far does a satellite send the TV pictures?

 

Read and translate the text.

 

The planets

The Earth is a planet. There are nine planets and they all go around the Sun. We call the planets and the Sun the Solar System. The first planet, next to the Sun, Mercury. It is 58 million kilometers from the Sun. Venus is the second planet from the Sun, and our planet, the Earth, is the third. It is 150 million kilometers from the Sun. It is between Venus and Mars.

Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus are all bigger than the Earth, but Venus, Mars, Mercury and Pluto are smaller planets than the Earth.

On Earth we have air and water for the animals, trees and flowers, and us. These things can only live on Earth – the other planets in our Solar System do not have air and water. But out in space there are other Solar Systems and perhaps there are other planets with air and water. Perhaps there are animals or people on these planets. What do you think?

Vocabulary:

Mercury – Меркурий

Mars – Марс

Venus – Венера

Jupiter – Юпитер

Saturn – Сатурн

Neptune – Нептун

Uranus – Уран

Earth -Земля

Pluto – Плутон

 

          Exercise 1. Answer the questions.   

1. How many planets are there in our Solar System?

2. What is the first planet next to the Sun?

3. What is the second planet from the Sun?

 

Exercise 2. Quiz. Can your answer these questions?

1. How many planets are there?

2. What is the name for all the planets around the Sun together?

3. What is the name of the third planet from the Sun?

4. How many kilometers is the Earth from the Sun?

5. How many planets in the Solar System are smaller than the Earth, and what are their names?

 

         Exercise 3. Find the names of the Sun and its nine planets.

 

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Read and translate the text.

 

Light Flight

“The next time I fly around the world,” thought Bertrand Piccard, “I don’t want to have my eyes busy on the fuel gauge.” That was in 1999, when the Swiss adventurer spent 19 days aloft in a hot-air balloon with 32 tanks of propane. He’s getting half his wish: His next project, Solar Impulse, has gauges, but no fuel. Using only the sun’s rays, the HB-SIA prototype (above) will take flight next spring. (A round-the-world trip with another plane is set for 2011.) Piccard’s unique plane requires precise flying and top-notch meteorologists. So, will commercial airlines ever be solar powered? Nobody knows. But unmanned solar fliers – cheap to launch, easy to fix – could one day replace some satellites. Meantime, Piccard hopes to inspire people on the ground to reach for new heights in alternative energy.

Vocabulary:

Lightweight –weighting  less than average (легковес)

To glide –move with continuous motion ( скользить )

Light –of  little weight (легкий )

Fuel gauge –бак

Aloft – overhead (ввоздухе )

Precise – exact ( точный )

Top-notch – excellent ( первоклассный )

Meantime – meanwhile (междутем )

Inspire –вдохновение

Alternative –mutually exclusive ( альтернативный )

 

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. How powerful is the sunlight?

2. How heavy are lithium batteries?

3. How much time will the batteries keep energy?

4. Will commercial airlines ever be solar powered?

5. What types of machines could one day replace some satellites?

 

Read and translate the text.

 

Red planet, Blue moon?

Phobos, the larger of Mars’s two natural satellites (Deimos is the other),is a misshapen runt next to Earth’s moon. But what it lacks in looks, it makes up for in intrigue. One theory holds that Phobos is a wayward asteroid pulled into Mars’s orbit, perhaps billions of years ago. But recent images from the Mars Recon naissance Orbiter clearly show a blue patch near the rim of a deep crater on an otherwise reddish surface – a contrast rarely seen on an asteroid. Some astronomers say the blue is recently exposed terrain that hasn’t yet weathered to red; other think it’s a wholly different material poking out from the interior. Next year Russia plans to send a lander to Phobos to gather samples-and perhaps clues to this Martian moon mystery.

Vocabulary:

Misshapen – bad or ugly shape or form(уродливый,деформированный)

Runt – undersized(карлик)

Lack – without(недостаток)

Intrigue – secret plotting(интрига)

Way-ward – difficult to control or predict(своенравный)

Reconnaissance – research(разведка)

Patch – covering over hole(заплата,клочок)

Rim – outer edge, limit or boundary (обод,край)

Exposed – unfold(раскрывать)

Terrain – stretch of land(местность)

Weathered – be worn away or altered by long exposure to atmosphere

Poke out –thrust(высовывать)

Interior – inside(внутренность)

Lander – (спускаемыйаппарат)

Clue – evidence(разгадка)

 

Exercise 1. Answer the question.

1. What is Phobos?

2. What is the name of the other satellite?

3. What was found on a surface, near the crater?

4. What are the different versions of the blue patch?

5. Is the blue patch still a mystery to the astronomers?

 

 

Read and translate the text.

Life on Mars?

A. Billions of years after the last seas and rivers dried up on Mars, scientists believe they may be able to restore the Red Planet to its former glory – by turning it into a blue world with streams,  green fields and fresh breezes, and filling it with Earthly creatures. Ultimately, this new Earthly paradise could even provide mankind’s increasing numbers with a new home. This revolutionary scheme of  “terraforming” recently formed the focus of a major international debate hosted by America’s space agency, NASA. Leading researchers as well as science – fiction writers, including Arthur C. Clarke, were included in the guest list.

B. Terraforming has always been considered the stuff of fiction, according to NASA astrobiologist  Michael Meyer. But now, with a multi – billion dollar Mars research programme drawn up by NASA, there is the chance to ask what the real possibilities are of transforming Mars, and to explore the potential effects. If the project were found to be feasible, it would take decades to achieve and would require massive expenditure. Foremost among the critics is Paul Murdin of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge. He believes the idea of terraforming Mars is extreme but not ridiculous and that, he believes, is the worst thing about it. ‘If it was just a silly science – fiction idea’, he says, ‘one could laugh it off, but the idea is actually a real one. I find it incredible that mankind is mucking up this world at an amazing pace and, at the same time, talking about doing the same to another planet’.

C. While the debate rages over the rights and wrongs of the project, the investigation of Mars continues. Over past month , astronomers have become increasingly confident that they will find Martian life forms after decades of disappointment .Two robot rovers, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Opportunity’, which are both investigating the planet at the moment , have detected strong evidence that water, mixed with soil , exists in large amounts . Excitement over this discovery was heightened recently when two different groups of scientists revealed they had found traces of methane in the Martian atmosphere. This gas is a waste product of living creatures and could have come from Martian microbes living in the Red Planet’s soil.

D. It is the risk that terraforming poses to these organisms that outrages scientists, such as Dr. Lisa Pratt,a NASA astrobiologist. She finds it very depressing that, before  it  has ever been discovered that there is life on Mars , people are talking about projects that would wipe out all these strange life forms. As she sees it, the whole thing is ethically wrong. While she is not the only protester, scientists have already started exploring the problems they would face if the project went ahead. Engineers would have to find a way to thicken the planet’s atmosphere, and to heat it up. (At present its surface temperature can plunge to minus 600C and below.) Both goals could be achieved at the same time, according to researchers. One idea is to build a large mirror, many miles in diameter, and place it in orbit above Mars. This could focus the Sun’s rays onto a polar icecap, melting it and releasing its frozen carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide would then trigger greenhouse heating.

E. Alternatively, scientists could construct industrial plants which would generate super- greenhouse  gases . These gases are thousands of times more effective than carbon dioxide at trapping heat. The plants would built at strategic sites across the planet and would set off global temperatures rises .Thickening the Martian atmosphere would  also protect  its surface from the ultra-violet radiation on its surface and which would otherwise kill most Earth –like life forms on the planet.According to Dr Chris McKay – based at NASA’s research centre in California, these methods could provide the terraforming project with a crucial kick-start.With a thicker and warmer atmosphere, ice trapped in the Martian soil would melt and could be used to sustain agriculture. With plants and trees imported from Earth growing and producing  oxygen, the atmosphere would become slowly more Earth-like .We should, he urges, get serious about sending life the Mars.

F. But other scientists are more cautious . Monica Grady, a planetary scientist at the Natural History Museum, London, points out that Mars used to have an atmosphere, but it disappeared for reasons that are still unclear. If scientists restore Mars’s atmosphere, she claims, it could just disappear again. Devastating things would have been done to the planet for a temporary effect and that would certainly not be ethical .These concerns are shared by Pratt, who believes the philosophical implications of finding life on Mars would be profound. If Martian life is found to have a different genetic code to ours, then living beings must have evolved separately on two neighboring worlds, she says .And this implies that life could be found throughout the galaxy. If, however,Martian and Earthly life turn out to have the same genetic code, that will suggest that one planet was contaminated by the other –probably as a result of meteorite impacts. If that is the case, we may all be Martian in origin, so for us, terraforming will mean returning to our roots.

Vocabulary:

dry up – free from moisture or rain (высыхать)

ultimately – finally, in the end (окончательно)

paradise – an ideal place (рай)

host – to organize (организовать)

terraforming – (especially in science fiction) transform (a planet) so as to resemble the earth especially so that it can support human life

feasible – possible and practical ( осуществимый, выполнимый )

expenditure – the action of spending funds ( расход, трата )

foremost – the most prominent in rank, importance or position ( самый передний )

ridiculous – absurd ( смехотворный, нелепый )

incredible – unbelievable ( неправдоподобный, невероятный )

muck up – dirt (загрязнять, пачкать )

rage over – extend ( охватывать )

rover – wanderer ( бродяга, скиталец )

trace– track, sign of previous existance ( след, отпечаток )

methane – ( метан )

outrage –anger( безобразие, негодование )

wipeout –clean( вытирать, протирать )

icecap – a covering of ice over a large area, especially on the polar region of  a planet(ледниковыйпокров, ледник )

trigger – cause to happen or exist (влечьзасобой)

alternatively – indicating choice (навыбор)

sett off – cause to explode ( запускать, компенсировать )

kick - start – датьтолчок

sustain – support ( поддерживать )

cautious  –careful to avoid potential problems or dangers (осторожный )

devastate –destroy or ruin ( опустошать )

evolve –develop gradually ( развивать )

contaminate –make something poisonous (заражать)

impact – collision (столкновение, удар)

 

Exercise 1. Answer the questions .

1.What is ‘terraforming’?

2.What was exciting about the discovery made by ‘Spirit’ and ‘Opportunity ‘?

3.What are some of the problems the project could face ?

 

Exercise 2.  Readagain and write in which section (A-F) each of 1-12 below is mentioned.

Recent optimism about a scientific breakthrough below mentioned.              1…

Features that Mars previously had but which no longer exist                         2… 3…

The cost and time involved in putting terraforming into practice                    4…

A potential solution to the problem of Earth’s growing population                5…

Vital actions that would help to launch terraforming                                     6…

Evidence that may prove the existence of life on Mars                                  7…

An important formal discussion of an innovative idea                                   8…

Dismay at human’s potential for destruction                                                9… 10..

A construction to change Mars despite not actually being on the planet         11…

The possibility of similar origins for life forms on Earth and Mars                12…

 

Read and translate the text.

 

Holiday of the future?

Space tourism is no longer a dream and terrestrial travel has entered the space age.What lies in store for tomorrow’s holidaymakers?

A. Future technology is set to change our experience of flying before we even get on a plane. Airport immigration procedures will be revolutionised by the introduction of iris-recognition technology, a system said to be more secure than fingerprinting. Regular flyers who have volunteered to place their biometric data on file will be able to go through a dedicated fast-track system. Rather than queue to check in, they will simply present themselves at a screen and have their eyes scanned. Meanwhile, the mobile phone will have become a ticket and boarding pass; you’ll simply have to show the screen of your phone as you board the aircraft. Wireless location technology will allow airlines to text passengers in close proximity to the airport and offer them a seat number; if they accept, they will effectively have checked in. The same technology could be used to alert a passenger

  

who has gone to the wrong terminal or, if the passenger is stuck in traffic and can’t reach the airport in time, automatically book him or her a seat on the next fight.

B. Once on board their plane, travellers will probably encounter a much larger number of fellow passengers than at present. Within the next twenty years the total number of people flying is expected to double so the aviation industry may be running more hulking double-decker aircraft carrying ever-larger numbers of passengers. Vast cabins could mean extra legroom for all, as well as facilities such as bars, gyms and crèches; a more likely scenario, however, is the familiar sardine-can philosophy, only on a bigger scale. All passengers will of course be able to use mobile phones throughout the flight. Movies will be ‘on demand’ with passengers able to pay to download them onto their laptops – no cash need change hands, as transactions will be performed using mobile phones. Aircraft engine noise will become less of a nuisance  as noise cancellation technology will be introduced in all seat armrests. Pop on a pair of headphones and engine noise will be reduced to a distant rumble, allowing you to watch a movie or listen to music without blasting your eardrums.

С. Hotel rooms will become hotbeds of digital technology, with TV’s replaced by holographic screens, and brilliant images projected onto panes of clear glass. Voice-activated in-room gadgets, already found in high-tech hotels, will become even more commonplace. ‘Personality badges’ wilt alert holidaymakers to the presence of others similar interests and backgrounds. Mobile-phone companies are already targeting clubbers with rudimentary versions. ‘They’re perfect for scenarios where you have only a short time to identify people you want to spend time with’, explains lanPearson, resident futurologist with a leading communications company.

D. Space tourism is already grabbing the headlines and plans to build a new fleet of ‘ space liners ’ are currently underway. In the not – so – distant future the likes of you and I may be heading into space as a matter of course. It won’t be cheap. Present estimates put the price of each trip at about £115,000 for an experience lasting approximately three hours. In fact you’ll be in true space for just three minutes but for the thousands of aspiring atsronauts who are expected to sign up, none of that matters. By 2020, with few places left unexplored on earth, space tourism will have taken off in a big way and the first space hotels will be open for business. Holiday brochures already claim that their hotels are ‘out of this world’ but there are going to be a few that really are. An American tycoon has reportedly committed millions of dollars to the development of an orbiting hotel, and another company plans to build one using space junk, including spent fuel tanks from a space shuttle. At present the sums involved are prohibitive but investors hope these will plummet.

E. In the film Total Recall, Arnold Schwarznegger plays a construction worker who has a memory of an adventure holiday to Mars implanted. Although the movie was set in 2084, lan Pearson believes such technology will be available much sooner. By the year 2050, he claims, ‘active skin’ technology will be widespread and virtual reality will take off. Computer chips smaller than skin cells will be hooked up with nerve endings to make electronic records of sensations, which can then be replayed. ‘Tiny transmitters attached to your fingertips, toes, face and lips, could enable you to enjoy the sensations of a holiday – walking on a beach, feeling a warm sea breeze on your face, even enjoying a holiday romance,’ says Pearson. But will a virtual holiday be as much fun as a real one? And if this future, do we want it?

Vocabulary:

Terrestrial – relating to the earth(земной)

Iris – recognition(распознавать по радужной оболочке)

Fingerprint – mark made by a fingertip (отпечатокпальца)

Queue – sequence of people awaiting for their turn to proceed (очередь)

To check in – register (зарегистрировать, багаж)

Proximity – nearness in space, time or relationship (близость, соседство)

To alert – warn (someone) of a danger or problem (предупреждать)

Hulking – very large, heavy or clumsy (неуклюжий, неповоротливый)

Double-decker – something that has two floors or levels (двухэтажный)

Creches – ясли

To download – copy data from one computer system to another or to a disk (загружать)

Laptops – a microcomputer that is  suitableand portable for use while travelling (портативныйкомпьютер)

Nuisance – something causing inconvenience or annoyance (досада, неудобство)

Cancellation – отмена, вычеркивание

Armrests – a padded or upholsteded arm of a chair on which a sitter can comfortably rest their arms ( подлокотник )

Rumble – make a continuous deep, resonant sound ( греметь )

Blast – blow up or break apart (something solid) with explosives (взрывать)

Eardrum – барабанная перепонка

Holographic – собственноручно написанный

Gadget – a small mechanical device or tool, especially an ingenious or novel one ( штучка )

Commonplace – not unusual, ordinary ( банальность )

Rudimentary – involving or limited to basic principle ( элементарный )

Aspire – стремиться

Tycoon – a wealthy, powerful person in business or industry ( магнат )

Reportedly – according to what some say ( посообщениям )

Junk – рухлядь, хлам

Prohibitive – forbidding or restricting something ( запретный )

Plummet – fall down at high speed ( резкоупасть )

Recall – bring back into one’s mind ( напоминать )

 

Exercise 1. Read the text and match headings 1 – 5 with sections A – E.

1. En route

2. Holidays at home?

3. The ultimate destination

4. Making the most of your stay

5. Pre-flight procedures

 

Exercise 2. Read the text again and say and which section A – E each of 1 – 12 bellow is mentioned. The underlined words in the text and 1 – 5 will help you with those questions.

 

devices that can bring together like – minded people

an unaffordable scheme which may drop in price

replacing traditional travel documents with technology currently in use

a journey to a completely new destination that may soon become routine technology which could simulate a pleasurable experience

an improvement in entertainment standards

the ability to help travellers successfully reach their destination

exaggerated statements that will become reality

a security system designed to reduce journey times

widespread use of devices that recognize speech

a service that can be paid for by currently non-conventional means

a larger version of a widespread travel experience

1……..

2……..

3……..

4……..

5……..

6……..

7……..

8……..

9……..

10…….

11…….

12…….

 

                            

Read and translate the text.

 

The blood moon

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth’s shadow falls directly onto the moon. What happens as a result is that the moon stops to be a silvery white colour and turns coppery red instead; the sort of colour usually only seen in the sky at dawn or sunset. An astronaut on the moon, looking towards Earth at the time of a lunar eclipse, would see a black disc, surrounded with a bright red ring. It’s the light from this red ring which is reflected back to the dark Earth from the moon’s surface. In ancient times, long before any of this was understood, the lunar eclipse was known as a blood moon and was thought to be an omen of disaster.

Total eclipses can only occur when there is a full moon, and then only if it is lined up with the Earth in a particular way. Being easily obscured by cloud cover, blood moons are fairly common, and it is relatively easy to calculate where and when you might be able to see one.

 

For example, in 1504 Christopher Columbus was stranded in Jamaica and in dire need of provisions, but the local inhabitants were reluctant to help. Columbus knew that a lunar eclipse would occur on 29 February, however. So, the day before, he warned local leaders that the moon would disappear unless they helped him. They remained sceptical. But when the moon slowly started to change colour, they became really frightened that they started to bring food.

Vocabulary:

Blood moon – the moon of a blood colour (цветакрови)

Lunar – relating to the Moon (лунный)

Eclipse – when one celestial body obscures the light to the other (затмение)

Shadow – partial or complete darkness produced by a body coming between rays of light and the surface (тень)

Coppery – like copper, especially in colour (медногоцвета)

Instead – in place of (вместо)

Dawn – sunrise (рассвет)

Omen – sign (знак, предзнаменование)

Disaster – a sudden accident or natural catastrophe (бедствие)

Obscured – remote, hidden (скрытый)

Cloud – in the sky (облако)

Fairly – merely (едвали)

Stranded – ship (сестьнамель)

Local inhabitants – indigenous (туземный, местный)

Reluctant – unwilling, disinclined (неохотный)

Warned – caution (предупреждать)

Frightened – scared (напутаны)

 

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. In which circumstances  does a  lunar eclipse occur?

2. How does the moon change its colour?

3. What can be seen at the time of a lunar eclipse if you’re standing on the moon?

         4. What was thought about this lunar eclipse in the past?

         5. When are total eclipses can be possible and are they easy to calculate?

         6. How did Christopher Columbus use the near occurrance of a lunar eclipse when he was in trouble?

 

Exercise 2. Say if the statements are true (T) of false (F).

1. At the time of a lunar eclipse the moon stops to be a silvery white. T/F

2. In ancient times, the lunar eclipse was known as a blood moon and was thought to be an omen of happiness. T/F

3. Total eclipses can only occur when there is a full moon. T/F

4. Being easily obscured by cloud cover, blood moons are rather common and are not to be easy calculated. T/F

 

Read and translate the text.

 

Spacemen’s autographs

 Only twelve astronauts actually set foot on the moon during the US          Apollo space programme between 1969 and 1972. Some have since then household names – like Neil Armstrong, who made the original ‘giant leap for mankind’ and Buzz Aldrin, his co-pilot on that mission. The other ten are less well-known, even though each made his own contribution to the programme.

But to Paul Prendergast, a postal worker from London, they are all pioneers, worthy to be mentioned in the same breath as the great explorers of earlier eras, such as Christopher Columbus. Paul’s fascination by the subject began in 2000 when he attended a convention for people whose hobby is collecting autographs. There he met Alan Bean (fourth man on the moon) and Ed Mitchell (sixth). As he remembers: ‘There were television stars there, people from Bond movies, and so on, but these men had walked on the moon. I headed straight forward to meet them and ask for their autographs. ‘For a collector, the challenge of getting hold of the remaining ten proved irresistible.

Yet Paul’s quest was never going to be entirely straightforward. After all, at that time, only nine of the astronauts were still alive and two had given up signing autographs years before. Paul eventually managed to achieve his goals, namely, by establishing contacts with other collectors, by buying from reputable dealers and by attending specialist auctions.

Vocabulary:

Autographs – a signature of a celebrity(автограф)

Household – a house and its occupants (домашнийкруг)

Leap – jump (прыжок)

Contribution – the part played by a person in bringing a result (вклад)

In the same breath – (единым/однимдухом)

Attend – be present at (присутствовать, посещать)

Convention – custom (обычай, условность)

Irresistible – very attractive (неотразимый)

Challenge – a task or situation that tests someone’s abilities (вызов)

Quest – task (задача)

Entirely – completely (полностью)

Straightforward – honest and frank (прямой, честный)

Sign – mark, gesture (знак)

Eventually – at last (наконец)

Goal – aim (цель)

Reputable – having a good reputation (почетный, уважаемый)

Auction – public sale (аукцион)

 

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

          1. How many astronauts did really set foot on the moon during the US Apollo space programme?

         2. How many of them were well-known?

         3. What was Paul’s hobby?

         4. Was it a hard task for Paul to establish contacts with other collectors?

          5.  Did Paul eventually achieve his goal and how was he managed to do that?

 

         Exercise 2. Say if the statements are true (T) or false(F).

1. Only twelve astronauts actually set foot on the moon during the US Apollo space programme. T/F

2. Neil Armstrong made the original “giant leap for mankind”. T/F

3. The other ten are well-known. T/F

4. Paul’s hobby was collecting photos of famous people. T/F

5. Paul couldn’t achieve his goals. T/F       

 

Read and translate the text.

 

Aerial photography

 

Photography has many forms and applications. Of all of them, the practice of taking pictures of earth from the air has had the most value for geographers worldwide.

Photography was still in its infancy when, in 1858, French artist Felix Tournachon took the first aerial photograph from a hot – air balloon. From these crude beginnings, aerial photographs have been taken from increasinglyhigher  vantage points and now cameras on satellites can capture images of earth from space. This would have been unimaginable in 1858. Today, such images provide a wealth of detailed information and consequently they have made an enormous contribution to our understanding of the Earth’s atmosphere and weather patterns. They are also invaluable to archeologists and those monitoring urban expansion.

Although aerial photographs and maps both present a bird’s eye view of the Earth’s surface, they are valuable in different ways. In terms of accuracy, maps will always provide a more reliable representation of the surface of the Earth. However, aerial photography has become the more influential as a means of documenting the world’s changing landscape and ecosystems. 

 

Vocabulary:

Aerial – a structure by which signals are transmitted or received as a part of a radio or television transmission or  receiving system (антенна)

Worldwide – all over the world (повсемумиру)

Infancy – the state or period of babyhood or early childhood (младенчество)

Hot-air balloon –a large bag filled with hot air or gas to make it rise in the air, typically one carrying a basket for passengers (воздушныйшар)

Crude – in a natural or raw state (сырой, грубый, неотесанный)

Vantage – a place or position affording a good view of something (преимущество)

Consequently –as a result (следовательно)

Enormous – very large in size, quantity, or extent (огромный)

Contribution – a gift or payment  to a common fund or collection (пожертвование, взнос)

Weather – the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as regards heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc (погода)

Patterns – an arrangement or design regularly found in comparable objects (образцы)

Invaluable – extremely useful, indispensable(неоценимый)

Monitoring – keep under systematic review (наблюдать)

Urban – in, relating to or characteristic of a town or city (городской)

Expansion – the action of becoming larger or more extensive (расширение)

View – the sight or prospect, typically of attractive natural scenery, that can be taken in by the eye from a particular place (вид)

Valuable – worth a great deal of money, extremely useful or important (ценный)

Accuracy – the quality or state, of being correct or precise (точный)

Reliable –consistently good in quality or performance (надежный)

Influential –having great influence on someone or something (влиятельный)

Landscape – all the visible feature of an area of land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal (пейзаж)

 

Exercise 1.  Answer the questions.

1. What form of taking pictures of earth has the most value for geographers worldwide?

2. When was the first aerial photograph taken? How was it taken?

3. Do people use that experience nowadays?

4. In which spheres are these images invaluable?

5. What kind of view do aerial photographs present?  

 

6. Do maps provide more accurate and reliable representation of the surface of the Earth?

7. Why is aerial photography popular then?

 

Exercise 2. Say if these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. Photography has only few forms and applications. (T/F)

2. The first aerial photograph was taken from a hot-air balloon (T/F)

3. As aerial photographs and maps present a bird’s eye view, they are not valuable. (T/F)

4. Maps are more accurate than aerial photographs. (T/F)

5. Aerial photography is not so influential as a means of documenting the world’s changing landscape and ecosystems. (T/F)

 

 

Exercise 3.Match the words in column A with the synonyms in column B.

 

A.

B.

1. Worldwide                                                 

a. childhood

2.Invaluable                                                   

b.  rich

3. Infancy                                                        

c. precious

4.Wealth                                                        

d. all over the world

5.Surface                                                        

e. the upper layer of  something

 

Read and translate the speech.

 

Solar eclipse

 

The speaker:

Good evening and welcome to this month’s Observatory Club lecture. I’m Donald Mackie and I’m here to talk to you about the solar eclipse in history. A thousand years ago, a total eclipse of the sun was a terrifying religious experience – but these days an eclipse is more likely to be viewed as a tourist attraction than as scientific or spiritual event. People will travel literally miles to be in the right place at the right time – to get the best view of their eclipse.

Well. What exactly causes a solar eclipse – when the world goes dark for a few minutes in the middle of the day? Scientifically speaking, the dark spot itself is easy to explain; it is the shadow of the moon streaking across the earth. This happens every year or two, each time along a different and, to all intents and purposes, a seemingly random piece of the globe.

In the past people often interpreted an eclipse as a danger signal heralding disaster and in fact, the Chinese were so disturbed by these events that they included among their gods one whose job it was to prevent eclipses. But whether or not you are superstitious or take a purely scientific view, our earthly eclipses are special in three ways.

Firstly, there can be no doubt that they are very beautiful. It’s as if a deep blue curtain had fallen over the daytime sky as the sun becomes a black void surrounded by the glow of its outer atmosphere.

But beyond this, total eclipses possess a second more compelling beauty in the eyes of us scientists for they offer a unique opportunity for research. Only during an eclipse can we study the corona and other dim things that are normally lost in the sun’s glare.

And thirdly, they are rare. Even though an eclipse of the sun occurs somewhere on earth every year or two, if you sit in your garden and wait, it will take 375 years on average for one to come to you. If the moon were any larger, eclipses would become a monthly bore; if it were smaller, they simply would not be possible.

The ancient Babylonian priests, who spent a fair bit of time staring at the sky, had already noted that there was an 18 year pattern in their recurrence but they didn’t have the mathematics to predict an eclipse accurately. It was Edmund Halley, the English astronomer, who knew his maths well enough to predict the return of the comet which, incidentally bears his name, and in 1715 he became the first person to make an accurate eclipse prediction. This brought eclipses firmly into the scientific domain and they have since allowed a number of important scientific discoveries to be made. For instance, in the eclipse of 1868 two scientists, Janssen and Lockyer, were observing the sun’s atmosphere and it was these observations that ultimately led to the discovery of a new element. They named the element helium after the Greek god of the Sun. This was a major find, because helium turned out to be the most common element in the universe after hydrogen. Another great triumph involved Mercury … I’ll just put that up on the board for you now. See – there’s Mercury – the planet  closest to the Sun – then Venus, Earth, etc. For centuries scientists had been unable to understand why Mercury appeared to rotate faster than it should. Some astronomers suggested that there might be an undiscovered planet causing this unusual orbit and even gave it the name ‘Vulcan’. During the eclipse of 1878, an American astronomer, James Watson thought he had spotted this so-called ‘lost’ planet. But, alas for him, he was later  obliged to admit that he had been wrong about Vulcan and withdrew his claim.

Then Albert Einstein came on the scene. Einstein suggested that rather than being wrong about the number of planets astronomers were actually wrong about gravity. Einstein’s theory of relativity – for which he is so famous - disagreed with Newton’s law of gravity in just the right way to explain Mercury’s odd orbit. He also realized that a definitive test would be possible during the total eclipse of 1919 and this is indeed when his theory was finally correct.

So there you have several examples of how eclipses have helped to increase our understanding of the universe, and now let’s move on to the social…

Vocabulary:

Solar eclipse – an obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or between it and its source of illumination (затмение)

Terrifying – making frightened (пугающий)

Attraction – the action or power of evoking interest in or liking for someone or something (привлекательность, достопримечательность)

Literally- exactly (буквально)

Shadow – a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface (тень)

Streaking – long thin lines of a different colour from their surroundings, especially on dyed hair (прожилка)

To all intents – in all important respects (фактически, насамомделе)

Seemingly- so as to give the impression of having a certain quality;

Apparently (по-видимому; как будто)

Random – made without conscious decision (наугад/наудачу)

Interpreted – explained (истолковали)

Heralding – be a sign that (something) is about to happen (предвещающий)

Disturbed – disrupted (обеспокоен, нарушен)

Superstitious – excessive credulous belief in and reverence for the supernatural (суеверный)

Curtain – a screen of heavy cloth or other material (занавес)

Void – not valid or legally binding (пустой, недействительный)

Beyond this – apart from, except (вне)

Compelling – evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way (непреодолимый, захватывающий)

Corona – (корона)

Dim – not shining brightly or clearly (тусклый, смутный)

Rare – uncommon (редкий)

Average – usual or ordinary amount, standard, level or rate (средневзятый)

Stare – lookfixedly (пристально смотреть)

Pattern – образец

Recurrence – occur repeatedly (повторение)

Incidentally – casually (случайно)

Bear – carry (нести)

Ultimately – finally, in the end (окончательно)

Helium – гелий

Century – a period of one hundred years (век)

To rotate – revolve (вращать)

Obliged – bring by promise, require (обязанный)

Odd – notmatching (странный, случайный)

 

Exercise 1. Circle the correct letters A-C

 

1. The speaker compares a solar eclipse today to a

a) religious experience.

b) scientific event.

c) popular spectacle.

 

2. The speaker says that the dark spot of an eclipse is

a) simple to predict.

b) easy to explain.

c) randomly occurring

 

3. Concerning an eclipse, the ancient Chinese were

a) fascinated.

b) rational.

c) terrified.

 

4. For the speaker, the most impressive aspect of an eclipse is the

a) exceptional beauty of the sky.

b) chance for scientific study.

c) effect of the moon on the sun.

 

5. Eclipses occur rarely because of the size of the

a) moon.

b) sun.

c) earth.

 

6. In predicting eclipses, the Babylonians were restricted by their

a) religious attitudes.

b) inaccurate observations.

c) limited ability to calculate.

 

 

Exercise 2.Complete the table below.

 

 

Dateofeclipse

Scientists

Observation

1715

Halley

1….. who accurately predicted an eclipse

1868

JanssenandLockyer

discovered 2…..

1878

Watson

believedhehadfound 3…..

1919

Einstein

realizedastronomershadmisunderstood 4…..

 

 

               Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

               1. What did people think about eclipse of the sun a thousand years ago?

              2. And how is an eclipse viewed nowadays?

              3. Is it possible to be viewed only in a special place of the Earth?

              4. What exactly causes a solar eclipse?

              5. How often does it happen?

              6. How did the Chinese try to protect themselves against eclipses?

              7. Are the eclipses beautiful? How does it all look?

              8. What is the second compelling beauty of eclipses in the eyes of scientists?

               9. Why are eclipses rare? Could they take place more often, if so in which circumstances?

             10. Could the Babylonian priests predict an eclipse accurately?

             11. Who was the first person to make an accurate eclipse prediction?

             12. Whose observation led to the discovery of a new element?

             13. How did they call the new element? Why?

             14. Was that a major find?

             15. What was another great triumph?

              16. Was there really the “Lost” planet Vulcan which made Mercury rotates faster?

              17. What was Albert Einstein’s discovery?

 

Read and translate the text.

 

Shading the Earth

 

Astronomer Roder Angel has proposed a far – out sunshade: trillions of two – foot – wide sun deflectors   orbiting a million miles from Earth.

The cloud of disks would dim sunlight by around 2 percent. The shadow wouldn’t be as deep as what’s shown here, but it would be spread over the whole planet and would cool it by several degrees.                                                                                                             

If we don’t cut fossil fuels fast enough, global warming may get out of hand. Some scientists say we need a plan B: a giant sunshade that would cool the whole planet.

Some call it hubrics; others call it cool reason. But the idea that we might combat global warming by deliberately engineering a cooler climate – for instance, by constructing some kind of planetary sunshade – has lately migrated from the fringe to the scientific mainstream. We are already modifying climate by accident, say proponents of geoengineering: why not do something intentional and intelligent to stop it? Hold on, say critics, Global warming shows we understand the Earth too little to engineer it without unintended and possibly disastrous consequences. Both sides worry that facts on the ground – rising seas, melting ice, failing crops-may  cut short the geoengineering debate. “If a country starts thinking it’s in their vital interests to do this, and they have the power, I find it hard to imagine them not doing it ”, says Ken Caldeira, a climate expert at the Carnegie Institution.

Caldeira is talking about the easiest, cheapest form of geoengineering: building a sunshade in the stratosphere out of millions of tons of tiny reflective particles, such as sulfate. Planes, balloons, battleship guns pointed upward – there is no shortage of possible delivery vehicles. And there is a little doubt you could cool Earth.

Vocabulary:

Fossil – the remains of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form (ископаемое)

Fuel – coal, gas or oil that is burned to produce heat or power (топливо)

Sunshade – a parasol or other device giving protection from the sun (солнцезащита)

Combat – fighting between armed forces (бой)

Deliberately – done intentionally (намеренно)

Fringe – extreme part of sphere (край)

Mainstream – (господствующаятенденция)

Modify – make partial or minor changes to something (менять)

By accident – occasionally (случайно)

Proponent – (пропагандист, поборник)

Intentional – with purpose (намеренный)

Consequence –  as a result (впоследствии)

Particle – a part of something, usually very small (частица)

Reflective – providing a reflection (отражающий)

Shortage – a state in which something needed can not be obtained in sufficient amounts (нехватка)

Delivery vehicles – vehicles which deliver the supply or provision of something (кораблидоставляющиепровизию)

  

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is necessary to do to stop global warming?

2. What does a plan B contain?

3. Is this reasonable? What proves it?

4. What obstacles can scientists meet on their way?

5. What is the easiest and cheapest form of geoengineering according to Caldeira?

6. Name the examples of possible delivery vehicles.

7. But is it possible that all these efforts would facilitate to cool Earth?

 

Exercise 2. If the statement is true, put a tick (V), if it is fault, put a cross (X)

1. The problem of global warming is very serious nowadays. T/F

2. Plan B contains information of heating the whole planet. T/F

3. We are already experienced in modifying climate. T/F

4. Any scientifical attempts are not dangerous for our Earth. T/F

5. The climate expert thinks that it’s in the interests of everyone to save our Earth. T/F

  

        Exercise 3. Match words in column A with their opposites in column B.

 

A:

1) fast

2) intentional

3) disastrous

4) easiest

5) cheapest

B:

a)occasional

b) slow

c) safe

d) the most expensive

e) the most difficult

 

 

 

Find the right answer

1. Cirrus clouds are thin and delicate, whereas cumulus clouds look like cotton balls. Nimbus clouds are dark and ragged, and stratus clouds appear dull in color and cover the entire sky.

A. A stratus cloud on the ground is called fog.

B. There are four basic cloud types: cirrus, cumulus, nimbus, and stratus.

C. It is possible to predict the weather by studying clouds.

Vocabulary:

cirrus clouds - перистыеоблака

cumulus clouds - кучевыеоблака

cotton balls - хлопчатобумажныеклубки

nimbus clouds - дождевыеоблака

ragged - torn, uneven (оборванный)

stratus clouds - слоистыеоблака

 

2. When a meteor collides with the Earth's atmosphere, the resulting friction causes the meteor to heat up and partially vaporize. Its entrance is seen as a brief flash of light and a luminous vapor trail that lasts for a few seconds. A meteor that reaches the Earth's surface is called a meteorite. Meteorites are extremely valuable to scientists because they are samples of actual cosmic material.

Vocabulary:

vapor - steam, mist (пар, туман)

trail - a mark or a series of signs or objects left behind by the passage of someone or something (след)

 

3. Earth satellites transmit telephone and televison signals, relay information about weather patterns, and enable scientists to study the atmosphere. This information has helped people communicate ideas and expand their knowledge. In conclusion.

Vocabulary:

relay - receive and pass on (транслировать)

dish antenna - an antenna which has a form of a dish

geostationary belt - (of an artificial satellite of an earth) moving in a circular geosynchronous orbit in the plane of the equator, so that it appears to be stationary in the sky above the fixed point of the surface.

 

A. satellites have enriched the lives of humankind.

B. satellites are expensive to send into space and sometimes are difficult to maintain.

C. a dish antenna can pick up 300 TV channels from satellites.

D. satellites are placed in an orbital region around Earth called the geostationary belt.

 

4. In the 1940s, when many of today's astronauts hadn't even been born, comic-strip detective Dick Tracy fought crime in an atomic-powered space vehicle. In addition to that.

Vocabulary:

comic-strip - a sequence of drawings in boxes that tell an amusing story, typically printed in a newspaper or magazine

two-way wrist - moving in opposite directions

 

A. many of today's astronauts have used a kind of atomic-powered space vehicle.

  

B. he used lasers to process gold and a two-way wrist TV for communication.

C. "Dick Tracy" was a very popular comic strip in the United States.

D. astronauts used lasers to process gold and communicated on long-distance flights using two-way wrist TVs.

 

5. Half of all the asronauts on space flights are afflicted with debilitating space sickness, an ailment akin to car sickness and marked by nausea and vomiting. It is believed that zero gravity and its effect on the inner ear and the flow of body fluids are the cause. Scientists are attempting to find a way to predict who is susceptible to the illness because it interferes with the important work that must be done efficiently during space missions.

Vocabulary:

afflict - suffer from (страдать

debiliating - ослаблять

ailment - недуг

akin - related (сродни)

nausea - тошнота

susceptible - восприимчивый

suffer - страдать

 

A. Scientists cannot tell whether an astronaut  who suffers from car sickness will suffer from space sickness.(T/F)

B. Space sickness makes it difficult for afflicted astronauts to do their work.(T/F)

C. Space sickness and car sickness are related illnesses.(T/F)

 

6. Anultra light airplane is very different from a conventional airplane. It looks like a lawn chair with wings, weighs no more than 254 pounds, files up to 60 miles an hour, and carries about 5 gallons of fuel. Most ultra lights are sold as kits and take about 40 hours to assemble. Flying an ultra light is so easy that a pilot with no experience can fly one. Accidents are rarely fatal or even serious because the ultra light lands so slowly and gently and carries so little fuel. Some models now have parachutes attached, while others have parachute packs that pilots can wear.

Vocabulary:

Conventional – обычный

Lawn chair – a folding chair for use out of doors

Weigh –find out how heavy something is (взвешивать)

Gallon – a unit of volume for liquid measure equal to eight pints

Kit – a set of equipment needed for specific purpose (комплект)

Attach –join or fasten (something) to something else (пристегнуть)

Infer – conclude from evidence (предположить)

 

Lack of – not having enough of something (недостаток)

Enact – put into practice (приводить в действие)

 

1. Ultra lights are powered by

A. An engine

B .Human energy

C .Remote control

D. Solar energy

2. It is probably true that

A. An ultra light can be purchased at the airport

B. People can put their own ultra light together

C. People who fly ultra lights have no experience

D. Ultra-light builders need to have training in aviation

3. It can be inferred from the passage that

A. Accident statistics are inaccurate because ultra lights are not registered at airports

B. Fatal accidents are frequent because of the lack of experienced pilots

C. Ultra-light pilots can walk away from most of the accidents they are in

D. Because of the frequency of fatal accidents, laws requiring parachutes have been enacted

 

  7 . Airplanes and helicopters can be used to have people’s lives. Helicopters can be used for rescuing people in trouble. Planes can transport food and supplies when disasters strike. Both types of aircraft can transport people to hospitals in emergencies. Helicopters and airplanes can be used to provide medical services to people who live in remote areas.

Vocabulary:

Helicopter – вертолёт

Rescue – save (спасать)

Disaster – catastrophe (катастрофа)

 

   A. In what situations do people need rescuing by helicopters?

B. What kinds of disasters might happen?

C. What kinds of emergencies may require transporting people to hospitals?

D. How can helicopters and airplanes be used to provide medical services to people in remote areas?

 

8.  Shortlyaftereight o’clock on Sunday evening , October 30, 1938, many Americans became anxious or even panic-stricken while listening to a live, one – hour radio play realistically depicting a fictional Martian landing at a farm in the tiny hamlet of  Grovers Mill, New Jersey. The broadcast could be heard in all regions of the continental United States, but those living in the immediate vicinity of the bogus invasion appeared to have been the most frightened. The play included references to real places, buildings, highways, and streets. The broadcast also contained prestigious speakers, convincing sound effects, and realistic special bulletins. The drama was produced by a twenty – three – year – old theatrical prodigy named George Orson Welles, who wasaccompanied by a small group of actors and musicians in a New York City studio. The actual broadcast script was loosely based on the 1898 book The War of the Worldsby the acclaimed science – fiction writer H. G. Wells. (In the original Wells novel, the Martians had landed in nineteenth-century England.) Even today, the 1938 broadcast remains arguably the most widely known deception in the history of the United States, if not the world, and many radio stations continue to broadcast the original play each Halloween.

The panic produced by the fictional Martian landing demonstrates the enormous credibility that the media enjoys in contemporary society. Moreover, in an ironic twist, there is a growing consensus among sociologists that the extent of the panic was greatly exaggerated. The irony is that for many years the public may have been misled by the media to believe that the panic it caused was far more extensive and intense than it actually was. However, there is little doubt that many Americans were genuinely frightened and some did try to flee the Martian gas raids and heat rays depicted in the drama.

Vocabulary:

Shortly – in a short time, soon (скоро)

Anxious – worried (обеспокоенный)

Depicting – draw, paint (изображать)

Fictional – вымышленный

Hamlet – small settlement (деревушка)

Vicinity – соседство

Bogus – not true (фиктивный)

Arguably – open to argument (спорный)

Credibility-being trusted and believed in (достоверный)

Contemporary – living at the same time (современный)

Consensus – general agreement (согласие)

Raid – налет

Flee – run away (бежать)

  

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

        1. What is the talk mainly about?

        2. According to the professor, what is true about the broadcast?

        3. What can be said about the event?

        4. Why people convinced of the invasion?

5. The professor explains a sequence of events. Summarize the sequence of events by putting the events in order.

6. What  is the ironic twist the professor mentions?

 

Exercise 2.Say if the statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. That was a real Martian landing at a farm in the tiny hamlet of Grovers Mill, New Jersey. (T/F)

2. The broadcast wasn’t frightened at all. (T/F)

3. The play included references to real places, buildings, highways, and streets. (T/F)

4. The broadcast also contained prestigious speakers, convincing sound effects, and realistic special bulletins. (T/F)

5. The drama was produced by an old prodigy named George Orson Welles. (T/F)

6. The actual broadcast script was loosely based on the 1898 book “The War of the Worlds” by the acclaimed science-fiction writer H.G. Wells. (T/F)

 

9. Read and translate the text.

 

Student1: As it now well established, our planet’s protective ozone layer has been thinning in recent decades. The ozone layer lies between 15 and 30 kilometers above the Earth’s surface and absorbs ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. The thinning of the ozone layer occurs when artificial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chlorine compounds combine with the oxygen atoms of the ozone and this depletes the amount of ozone. Ozone depletion has serious consequences because more ultraviolet light can reach the Earth’s surface and damage DNA in humans and animals. The most well-known effect of this is the recent dramatic increase in skin cancers.

Teacher: So, who is actually responsible for creating these CFCs?

Student1: Well, in a sense, we all are. CFCs are a main component of dry-cleaning and refrigerating chemicals. They are also produced in various manufacturing processes, in nitrogen fertilizers, and by aerosols used in products such as hair sprays and polishes. Fortunately, their use in aerosols has been phased out in most countries. These chemicals disperse in the lower atmosphere, where they linger for years before migrating to the stratosphere, where the damage to the ozone takes places.

Student 2: Dr. Alamedia, this sound very pessimistic. Haven’t there been international agreements to phase out CFCs?

Student1: Yes, in fact, since 1985 several international conventions have produced agreements.

Teacher: Would you say are optimistic about the future of the ozone layer?

Student1: I would say I’m guardedly optimistic for the long-term future. The various agreements are beginning to take effect. The problem is that it takes many years for the CFCs to disperse, and not all countries are enthusiastic about phasing out their production for economic reasons. However, it is generally expected that the ozone layer will recover completely by the year 2060 as long as we all abide by the international agreements.

Vocabulary:

Emit– (smoke, smell light) испускать

Artificial– not natural (искусственный)

Compounds– mixture (смесь)

Deplete– истощать, исчерпывать

Consequence–result (последствие)

Disperse – рассеивать, разгонять

 

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

       1. What is the discussion mainly about?

       2. According to the professor, how do CFCs get into the atmosphere?

       3. Why does the professor mention hair sprays and polishes?

       4. The professor briefly explains a process. Summarize the process by putting the events in order.

       6. Why is the professor cautious in her prediction of the future?

  

Exercise 2. Say if the statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. Protective ozone layer has been thinning in recent decades. (T/F)

2. CFCs – chlorofluorocarbons. (T/F)

3. Ozone depletion doesn’t have serious consequences. (T/F)

4. CFCs are a main component of dry – cleaning and refrigerating chemicals. (T/F)

 

 

Список литературы

1.     G. Schreier, S. Dech. High Resolution Earth Observation Satellites and Services in the Next Decade, Vancouver. Canada, 2004.

2.     M. Kauchak. Eyes for a Sharper Image Military Geospatial Technology. Oxford, 2006.

3.     B.И.Валикова. ” Ракетная и космическая техника и технологии”. – Москва,  2008.

4.     J.Weng. China satellite launch indicates rapid progress, Jane’s  Defence weekly – 2007.

5.     C.Weirong . Brief Introduction of Chinese Land observation Satellites and Data Distribution , APSCO International Symposium on Space Cooperation for the  Asia-Pacific Region Pattaya.Thailand , 2009.

6.     А.И. Канащенков. ” Формирование облика авиационных систем управления вооружением  ”.  – Москва,  2006. 

 

Содержание

1.          Inside a space shuttle                                                                              3

2.          Television                                                                                              4

3.          The planets                                                                                            5

4.          Light Flight                                                                                             8

5.          Red planet, Blue moon?                                                                          8

6.          Life on Mars?                                                                                         9

7.          Holiday of the future?                                                                             12

8.          The blood moon                                                                                    15

9.          Spacemen’s autographs                                                                          17

10.     Aerial photography                                                                                 18

11.     Solar eclipse                                                                                           20

12.     Shading the Earth                                                                                   24

13.     Find the right answer                                                                              26

 

 

Сводный план 2012 г., поз. 255