Некоммерческое акционерное общество

АЛМАТИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ  И  СВЯЗИ

Кафедра иностранных  языков

 

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ  ЯЗЫК

Методические указания для улучшения навыков чтения и перевода  аутентичных текстов для специальности 5В071800

 

 

Алматы 2013 

Cоставитель: Райымқұл З.Ә. Английский  язык.  Методические указания для улучшения навыков чтения и перевода  аутентичных текстов для специальности 5В071800  -  Алматы:  АУЭС, 2013. – 25 с.

 

          Данные методические указания предназначены для развития умений навыков чтения и перевода аутентичных текстов у студентов по специальности 5В071800. Цель методических указаний - ознакомить студентов с различными видами английских аутентичных текстов.  

  

Рецензент: ст. преподаватель.  Г.С. Ахетова.

  

            Печатается по плану издания некоммерческого акционерного общества «Алматинский университет энергетики и связи» на 2012 г. 

 

 © НАО «Алматинский университет энергетики и связи», 2013 г. 

 

Урок 1

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Electricity – Powering progress

 

Since electric power began being produced on a large scale in power plant nearly 120 years ago, it has done more to advance our civilization than any other technical development. While application such as lighting and machine operation initially were clearly visible, electricity today works behind the scenes in more and more instances, but the result is perhaps even more far-reaching; Electricity has changes not only the technological world but also the world of cognition and consciousness forever.

         Electricity is the driving force behind a technological civilization. The First Industrial Revolution was characterized by the use of steam produced by burning coal, to provide mechanical power. For about 150 years now, however, the use of electricity has defined not only economic structural development but also overall social system development. With the discovery and utilization of electricity, and particularly its ability to be converted into mechanical work using electric motor, human economic development entered the Second Industrial Revolution. Today, the Information Age is in full swing and is based on the opportunities which have opened up in the many different areas in which electricity can be used.  

 Electricity’s central role in the social development process stems from its unique characteristics;

           It provides broad coverage of all power-related services, including lighting, mechanical drive, space heat, process heat, and telecommunications.

        It is not bound to a material carrier substance; electricity is the energy of the electromagnetic field.

       It produces no waste material at the place of use.

       It can be used in precise amounts as needed.

       Its use produces essentially no wear.

       One particular advantage of electricity is that there are no thermodynamic limits on the energy density within a carrier medium.

 Electrical energy can be generated and used in very many more ways than any other kind of energy, and electricity can be generated efficiently from almost any other form of energy.  It can be generated in centralized or decentralized facilities, it can be combined with the generation of thermal and mechanical energy, and there are efficient means available for its transports.  Many applications would be impossible without it. The entire infrastructure for distribution and conversion at the point of use is available and independent of the type of generation. It can therefore be said that based in a power generation mix mush broader than today’s, electrical energy over the long term will represent a larger share of overall energy production than other forms of energy.

 

Словарь

 

cognition – познание

consciousness – сознание

overall – общий

in full swing -  в полном разгаре

stems from – происходить

coverage – освещение

bound – ограничивать

conversion – превращение

power generation – выработка энергии

  

Упражнение 1.1 Вопросы по тексту

 

1. What has electricity changed?

2. What was the First Industrial Revolution characterized by?

3. What unique characteristics of electricity do you know?

4. What one particular advantage of electricity do you know?

5. Can electrical energy be generated and used in very many more ways than any other kind of energy?

  

Упражнение  1.2 Заполните следующие пропуски

        

1. While application such as lighting and machine operation initially were clearly visible, electricity today works behind the scenes in more …….. .

2. The First Industrial Revolution was characterized by the use of steam produced by burning coal, ……… .

3. Today, the Information Age is in full swing and is based on the opportunities ………. .

4. One particular advantage of electricity is that there are no thermodynamic limits ……… .

5. Electrical energy can be generated and used in very many more ways than any other kind of energy, and electricity can be ……… .

  

Упражнение 1.3 Выберите подходящую дефиницию слова

 

 Approach

 a. coming near to

 b. approximation, a way to solve a problem

 c. way, path, road

 

 sustain

a. enable to keep up, maintain

b. suffer, undergo

 c. keep from falling

 

 Relay

a. supply of fresh horses to take the place of tired ones

b. device which receivers signals and transmits them with greater strength, thus increasing the distance over which they are carried

c. place from which radio programs are broadcast after being received from      another station

 

payload

a. passengers and cargo, but not fuel

b. bomb in a missile

c. crew and instruments of a spaceship

 

item

a. each single thing, part or object in a list

b. detail or paragraph (of news)

c. number of a program

  

Упражнение 1.4  Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста

 

1. For about 50 years now, however, the use of electricity has defined not only economic structural development but also overall social system development.

2. Today, the Information Age is in full swing and is based on the opportunities which have opened up in the many different areas in which electricity can be used. 3. Electrical energy can be generated and used in very many more ways than any other kind of energy, and electricity can be generated efficiently from almost any other form of energy.

4. One particular disadvantage of electricity is that there are no thermodynamic limits on the energy density within a carrier medium.

       

Урок 2

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Uses of electricity 

          Electricity is the power that has made possible the engineering progress today. Wherever we look around us, we can find this power serving us in some way.

When we use a switch and have our room instantly flooded with light, we seldom think of what is happening to make it possible. Probably the most important use of electricity in the modern home producing light.

        Do you know that the first ever man-made electric light illuminated the laboratory of the St. Petersburg physicist Vasily Petrov  in 1802? He had discovered the electric arc, a form of the gas discharge. But in Petrov’s experiments the arc flame lasted for only a short time.

 In 1876 Pavel Yablochkov invented an arc that burned like a candle for a long time and it was called “Yablochkov’s candle”. The course of light invented by Yablochkov  won world – wide recognition. But while he and several other inventors were improving the arc light, some engineers were working along entirely different lines. They sought to develop an incandescent lamp. It was a young Russian engineer, Alexander Lodygin, who made the first successful incandescent lamp.  The famous American inventor Thomas Edison improved the lamp having used a carbon filament.  But it was again Lodygin who made another important improvement in the incandescent lamp, having invented a lamp with a tungsten filament, the lamp we use today.

 Another electric light we use today is the light of the luminescent lamp – a “cold” daylight lamp. Artificial daylight lamps are much cheaper than incandescent lamps and last much longer. This is the lighting of the future.

  The uses of electricity in the home do not end with lighting. There are more and more electric devices helping us in our home work.

But we should not forget that electricity is the most important source of energy in industry as well. A worker in a modern manufacturing plant uses on the average in  the machines which he operates over 10,000 kilowatt-hours of electrical  energy modern homes  during a year.

   Automation which is one of the main factors of technical progress today is impossible without electricity.

    Our life can’t be imagined without telephone, telegraph and radio communications. But it is also electricity that gives them life. In recent years electricity has made a great contribution to radio communication between the spaceships and also between the astronauts and the earth.

       Little could be done in modern research laboratory without the aid of electricity. Nearly all of the measuring devices used in developing nuclear power for the use of mankind are electrically operated.  

 

 Словарь

 

arc light – дуговое освещение

incandescent lamp – лампа накаливания

carbon filament – угольная нить накала

tungsten filament – вольфрамовая нить накала

luminescent lamp – люминесцентная лампа

averagein – средний

aid – средство 

 

Упражнение 2.1 Вопросы по тексту

 

1. What is electricity?

2. Where can we use it?

3. Who had made the first incandescent lamp?

4. What is the difference between artificial daylight lamps and incandescent lamps?

5. Is electricity the most important source of energy in industry?

  

Упражнение 2.2 Переведите блок существительных

  

Model 1: N+N

 

1) process control, operation test, size reduction, power consumption, consumption change, circuit elements, weather damage, gas transportation, transportation efficiency, energy efficiency, wind power, temperature growth

  

 Model 2: A+N

 

2) electrical network, chemical form, electric vehicles, electrical plant, complex function, small device, low consumption, complex technology, several units, solar power, efficient energy, physical phenomenon, previous experiment, alternative energy

  

 Model 3: A+N/A +N

 

3) electrical distribution network, alternative energy generation, powerful power grid, electrical generation plant, possible complex function, historic energy development, similar current combustion, principal application impact, internal physical properties, internal combustion engines, alternative energy generation, new expensive research

 

    Упражнение  2.3 Составьте предложение из двух частей

1. Do you know that the first ever man-made electric light

technical progress today is impossible without electricity. 

 

 

2.Artificial daylight lamps are much cheaper

the lamp having used a carbon filament. 

3. Automation which is one of the main factors of

illuminated the laboratory of the St.Petersburg physicist Vasily Petrov in 1802?

4. In recent years electricity has made a great contribution to radio communication  between

for a long time and it was called “Yablochkov’s candle”.

5. In 1876 Pavel Yablochkov invented an arc that burned like a candle

the spaceships and also between the astronauts and the earth.

6. The famous American inventor Thomas Edison improved

than incandescent lamps and last much longer.

  

    Упражнение  2.4 Заполните таблицу

       

Verb

Noun

Personal noun

……

……

generate

……

act

……

invent

consume

…..

……

indicate

……

operation

…….

……

……

design

……

……

transformation

regulation

……

producer

……

……

mover

……

……

……

.…..

……

…….

……

             

Урок 3

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The sources of energy

 

All the sources of energy put together is the energy locked up in the nuclei of atoms of matter itself. It has been known for at least a century. It is called nuclear energy.

The amount of energy which might be released when the nucleus of one atom is split is very small. But scientists have succeeded in breaking apart  the nuclei of billions of atoms and in harnessing their energy. A pound of U235 (Uranium – 235) can supply as much energy as the burning up of 3, 000 pounds of coal. Nuclear energy can be used for good and evil. Mankind is interested in atomic energy being used only for peaceful purposes.

   Many atomic power plants for producing electric energy were built in many countries of the world. There are great possibilities of using nuclear energy for transport purposes. A number of countries are working at the development and construction of various kinds of locomotives, airplanes and other means of transport. Many atomic powered ships have been already built. Nuclear energy is and will be used in medicine and in many spheres of life where the atom may find useful application.

         There are different forms or types of energy. Fuels such as coal, oil (petroleum), and wood contain chemical energy. When these fuels are burnt, the chemical energy changes to heat and light energy.

          Electricity is the most important form of energy in the industrialized world, because it can be transported over long distances via cables and transmission lines. It is also a very convenient form of energy, since it can power a wide variety of household appliances and industrialized machinery. It is produced by converting the chemical energy from coal, oil, or natural gas in power stations.

 

 Словарь

 

 to lock – запирать на замок

 nuclei – ядра

 nucleus – ядро

 nuclear – ядерный

 matter – вещество, материя

 at least – по крайней мере

 to release – освобождать, выпускать

 to split – расщеплять, делить на части

 apart – в стороне, особняком, отдельно

 to harness – запрягать, использовать      

 

 Упражнение 3.1 Прочитайте и переведите словосочетания

 

 nuclei of atoms, nuclear energy, atomic energy, atomic power plants, electric energy, chemical energy, light energy, household appliances, industrialized machinery, power    stations.

          

Упражнение 3.2 Вопросы по тексту

 

1. What have the scientists succeeded in?

2. How much energy can uranium-235 supply?

3. How and where can nuclear energy be used?

4. Are there great possibilities of using nuclear energy for mankind?

5. Is nuclear energy used in many spheres of life?

 

           

 Упражнение  3.3 Составьте предложение из двух частей    

 

2. Many atomic power plants

locked up in the nuclei of atoms of matter itself.

 

1. All the sources of energy put together is the energy

 

when the nucleus of one atom is split is very small.

 

3. The amount of energy which might be released

 

for producing electric energy were built in mant countries of the world.

 

4. Nuclear energy is and will be used in medicine,

 

the chemical energy changes to heat and light energy

5. When these fuels are burnt,

 

and in many spheres of life where the atom may find useful application.

 

6. Electricity is the most important form of enrgy in the industrialized world,

 

because it can be transported over long distances via cables and transmission lines.

 

 

 Упражнение 3.4 Переведите предложения

 

1. Много атомных электростанций для производства энергий построены во многих странах мира.

2. Уже построены корабли, работающие на атомной энергии.     

3. Электричество является самой важной формой энергий в промышленном мире.

4. Такие виды топлива, как уголь, бензин, дерево содержат химическую энергию.

5. Человечество интересуется только той атомной энергией, которая используется  для мирных целей.

6. Ядерная энергия используется, и будет использоваться в медицине.   

 

Упражнение  3.5 Выберите из списка В синонимы к словам списка А

 

A. to proceed                B. to turn on

     normally                       to continue

     owing to                        precise

     accurate                         usually

     to provide                      due to

     various                           to supply

     to switch on                   different

     energy                            artificial

     a lot of                            power

     large                               to apply

     to use                              many

     man-made                      for example

    for instance                    to determine

    to define                         big

 

Упражнение 3.6 Укажите какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста

 

1. The amount of energy which might be relesed when the nucleus of one atom is split is very small.

2. Fuels such as coal, oil and silicon contain chemical energy.

3. A pound of U 235 can supply as much energy as the burning up of 1,000, 000 pounds of coal.

4. Nuclear energy is and will be used in medicine.

5. Many atomic power plants for producing electric energy were built in many cuintries of the world.

 

Урок 4

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Electricity and magnetism 

    

        An electric current is a flow of electricity. There are two kinds of electricity, positive and negative. Glass rubbed with silk is positively charged, ebonite rubbed with fur is negatively charged.

           Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. The leaf electroscope is used to detect, distinguish and measure charges.

          The ultimate particle of negative electricity is called the electron; that of positive electricity is called the proton.

               It has been known for centuries that certain black, heavy stones have the property of attracting iron, this property being called magnetism. A body that exhibits magnetism is called a magnet. The two parts of a magnet that show the strongest magnetism are called the North pole and the South pole.

          Magnets not only affect ordinary iron, but they affect one another. When a pole of one magnet is brought toward a pole of the second magnet, they will repel if both are north poles or both are south poles, but they will attract if one is a north pole and the other a south pole.

        The region in which magnetic forces act is called a magnetic field.

        When placed in a strong magnetic field, iron becomes magnetized.

         Electricity and magnetism are closely connected. Almost all metals are good conductors of electricity, with copper being one of the best conductors of all. Glass, paper, rubber are the most common non-conductors or insulators.

        Many practical applications have resulted from the utilization of the magnetic effect of an electric current.

These effects are used in motors, in most electric meters (ammeters, voltmeters and galvanometers), in electromagnets and in practically all electromechanical apparatus.

 

 Словарь

 

to rub – тереть

charge – заряд

to repel – отталкивать

to detect – обнаруживать

to distinguish – различать

ultimate – последний, окончательный, основной

property – свойство

conductor – проводник

utilization – использование  

 

Упражнение 4.1 Прочитайте и переведите предложения

 

flow of electricity, the ultimate particle of negative electricity, heavy stones, conductors of electricity, the property of attracting iron, magnetic forces, a strong magnetic field, electrical metres, electromechanical apparatus.

 

Упражнение 4.2 Вопросы по тексту

 

1. What is an electric current?

2. How many kinds of electricity are there?

3. What is the leaf electroscope used for ?

4. What is called magnetism ?

5. What is called the North (South) pole?

6. When do poles repel each other?

7. When do poles attract each other?

 8. What is called a magnetic field?

9. What metals are the best conductors?

10. What is called an electric current?

11. Where are the magnetic effects of an electric current used?

                

Упражнение 4.3 Переведите предложения

 

1. Two magnets put into a coil produce a greater effect than one.

2. The magnetic poles will repel if both are North poles or both are South poles.

3. Both glass and rubber are insulators.

4. There are instruments measuring current and voltage, and devices for measuring energy.

5. Due to magnetic effects dynamos are able to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy with a loss of only a few per cent.

6. Iron becomes magnetized when it is placed in a strong magnetic field.

7. When the magnetic field is removed magnetization disappears.

8. Whenever a current is flowing in a circuit, it is due to the existence of an electromotive force in the circuit.

 

Упражнение 4.4 Выразите одним словом следующие понятия

 

1. The flow of electricity along a wire.

2. The path of an electric current.

3. A reddish metal which conducts electricity and heat well.

4. Electric flow in one direction.

5. Electric flow first in one direction and then in the other direction.

6. An instrument for measuring electric current.

   

  Упражнение  4.5 Выберите из списка В антонимы к словам списка А

 

   A. modern               B. to exclude

      regular                     old   

      outer                        to weaken

      to strengthen            inner

      to include                 impossible

      possible                    irregular

      rapidly                      future

      past                           quickly

      powerless                  inefficient

      efficient                     powerful

      unlimited                   limited

      accurate                     non-conductor

      conductor                   inaccurate

 

 Упражнение 4.6 Переведите предложения

 

1.Медь широко применяется в промышленности, она является хорошим проводником электричества.

2. Ток нагревает проводник, протекая по нему.

3. Электрический ток – это поток электронов по проводнику

4. Когда ток протекает в катушке провода, катушка проявляет многие свойства магнита.

5. Электротехники должны всё знать о магнитах и их свойствах.

6. Постоянный ток, переменный ток, напряжение, сопротивление – это основные термины для каждого электротехника.

 

Урок 5

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An electric motor

 

           In an electric motor an electric current and magnetic field produce a turning movement. This can drive all sorts of machines, from wrist-watches to trains. An electric current running through a wire produces a magnetic field around the wire. If an electric electric current flows around a loop of wire with a bar of iron through it, the iron becomes magnetized.

It is called an electromagnet; one end becomes a north pole and the other a south pole, depending on which way the current is flowing around the loop.

       If you put two magnets close together, like poles – for example, two north poles – repel each other, and unlike poles attract each other.

        In a simple electric motor, a piece of iron with loops of wire round it, called an armature, is placed between the north and south poles of a stationary magnet, known as the field magnet. When electricity flows around the armature wire, the iron becomes an electromagnet.

       The attraction and repulsion between the poles of this armaturemagnet and the poles of the field magnet make the armature turn.As a result, its north pole is close to the south pole of the field magnet. Then the current is reversed so the north pole of the armature magnet becomes the south pole. Once again, the attraction and repulsion between it and the field magnet make it turn. The armature continues turning as long as the direction of the current, and therefore its magnetic poles, keeps being reversed.

To reverse the direction of the current, the ends of the armature wire are connected to different halves of a split ring called a commutator. Current flows to and from the commutator through small carbon blocks called brushes. As the armature turns, first one half of the commutator comes into contact with the brush delivering the current, and then the other, so the direction of the current keeps being reversed.

 

Словарь

 

current – ток

wire – проволока

loop – петля

iron – железо

electromagnet – электромагнит

to repel – отталкивать

attraction – притяжение

repulsion – отталкивание

therefore – поэтому

brush – щётка

to deliver – доставлять    

       

Упражнение 5.1 Прочитайте и переведите словосочетания

 

electric motor, electric current, magnetic field, wrist-watches, a loop of wire, stationary magnet, carbon blocks.

 

Упражнение 5.2 Вопросы по тексту

 

1. What does an electric current do in an electric motor?

2. What is called an electromagnet?

3. What is called an armature?

4. When does the iron become an electromagnet?

5.  What makes the armature turn?

 

Упражнение  5.3 Подберите каждый компонент мотора к его функции и опишите его функцию предложением 

 

Component              Function

1. armature             a) transfers rotation from the motor

2. bearings              b) create an electromagnetic field

3. brushes               c) converts electromagnetic energy to rotation

4. commutator        d) reverses the current to the armature

5. drive shaft          e) support the drive shaft

6. field windings    f) supply current to the armature

 

  Упражнение 5.4 Переведите предложения

1. The electric motor is the complement of the electric generator, a device that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy.

2. In general generators may function as motors, and,conversely, motors may function as generators.

3. The purpose of the windings connected to the external energy source is to produce a rotating field that interacts with the induced currents in the rotator conductors.

4. The development of the electric motor can be traced to the work of the Danish scientist Hans Christian Orsted in the early 19th century, when he discovered that electricity in motion generates a magnetic field.

5. By the early 1870s the Belgian –born electrical engineer Zenobe-Theophile Gramme had developed the first commercially viable electric motor.

6. In 1883 the Serbian –American engineer Nikola Tesla invented the first alternating-current induction motor, a device generally considered the prototype of the modern electric motor.

7. The electric motor has become the dominant motive power for industrial, bussiness, transportation, and household applications.

 

Упражнение  5.5 Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

 

1. To reverse the direction of the current, the ends of the armature wire are connected…

2. Current flows to and from the commutator through small …

3. The armature continues turning as long as the direction of the current, …

4. As the armature turns, first one half of the commutator comes into contact with the brush delivering …

5. If you put two magnets close together, like poles – for example, two north poles – repel each  other,…

 

Упражнение  5.6 Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста

 

1. In an electric motor an electric current and magnetism produce a turning movement.

2. If an electric current flows around a loop of wire with a bar of iron through it, the iron becomes magnetized.

3. When electricity flows around the armature wire, the iron becomes an electromagnet.

4. Current flows to and from the armature through small carbon blocks called brushes.

5.  An electric current running through a wire produces a magnetic field around the armature.

 

Урок 6

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The purposes of electric networks and systems

      

        An electric network is a combination of electric devices for transfer and distribution of electric energy, consisting of substations, switchboards, conduction, air transmission lines and cable transmission lines operating on a certain territory.

       The main purpose of electric networks is supply of electricity to consumers. Electric networks are used for connection of electricity receivers and consumers in aggregate to power sources. This problem is rather complicated because of a large number of electricity receivers and large areas, on which they are located.

The second purpose of electric networks is transfer of electric energy from the place of its generation to the place of its consumption. In most cases, power sources (coal, oil, gas, and water resources) are located at a significant distance from the centers of consumption – factories, inhabitated areas, etc. In many cases, transportation of fuel, coal, for example, can be unprofitable; construction of power stations close to fuel pool and transfer of electric energy via electric networks is more preferable. If distances are large, and volumes of transmitted electric energy are significant, a construction of high-capacity transmission lines for a very high voltage is necessary.

         Electric networks are also used for creation of energy systems.

         An energy system is a combination of power plants and constructions, where their generating part is connected through power links for parallel operation, it has a uniform dispatching management and uniform reserve of capacity, and this reserve can be used in any part of the system.

         Thus, three main features define an energy system: parallel operation of centers of energy production, a uniform management and a uniform common system reserve.

 

Словарь

 

substation – подстанция

switchboard – распределительный щит

purpose – цель

transportation – перевозка

unprofitable – невыгодный

preferable – предпочтительный

volume – объём

combination – сочетание, соединение

dispatching – отправка

 to define – определять

 

 Упражнение  6.1 Прочитайте и переведите словосочетания

 

electric networks, electric devices, supply electricity to consumers, transfer of electric energy, power sources, transportation of fuel, transfer of electric energy, electric energy, an energy system.        

 

Упражнение  6.2 Вопросы по тексту      

 

1. What is an electric network?

2. What does an electric network consist of?

3. What is the main purpose of electric network?

4. What are electric networks used for?

5. What is the second purpose of electric network?

6. Where are power sources located?

7. What is an energy system?

8. How many features does an energy system define?

 

Упражнение 6.3 Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста

 

1. Electric networks are used for connection of isolation receivers and consumers.

2. In most cases power sources are located at a significant distance from the centers of consumption.

3. Construction of power stations close to fuel pool and transfer of electric energy is more  preferable.

4. An energy system has a uniform defining management.

5. Two main features define an energy system.

 

Упражнение  6.4 Переведите предложения

 

1. Основной целью электрических сетей является снабжение потребителей электричеством,

2. Второй целью электрических сетей является передача электрической энергии от места выработки к месту потребления.

3. Источники энергии находятся на значительном расстоянии от центров потребления.

4. Электрические сети также используются для создания систем энергии.

5. Энергетическая система это сочетание электроустановок и строительных материалов.

 

Упражнение  6.5 Составьте предложение из двух частей

 

This problem is rather complicated because of a large number of

 

and transfer of electric energy via electric networks is more preferable.

 

An energy system is a combination of power plants and constructions

 

Electricity receivers and large areas, on which they are located.

 

In many cases, transportation of fuel, coal, for example, can be unprofitable; construction of power stations close to fuel pool 

 

Where their generating part is connected through power links for parallel operation.

If distances are large, and volumes of transmitted electric energy are significant,

 

and this reserve can be used in any part of the system.

 

It has a uniform dispatching management and uniform reserve of capacity,

 

receivers and consumers in aggregate to power sources.

 

Electric networks are used for connection of electricity

 

a construction of high-capacity transmission lines for a very high voltage is necessary.

 

 

         

 Упражнение  6.6 Выберите из списка В синонимы к словам списка А

 

         A.  power plant                 B.  to influence

         to speed up                       application could be made

         to improve                        to perfect

         to affect                            till

         to apply                            amount

         to suggest                         to erect

         a great deal                      fundamental

         until                                 velocity

         use could be made          consequently

         to change                         to offer

         quantity                           remakable

         dramatic                          to vary

         to build                            to arise

         hence                               to accelerate

         basic                                electric station

         to come into being          to employ

         speed                              very much        

 

Урок 7

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Energy

 

         In the language of science energy is the ability to do work. There are various forms of energy, such as heat, mechanical, electrical, chemical, atomic and so on. One might also mention the two kinds of mechanical energy – potential and kinetic, potential energy being the energy of position while kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

         It is well known that one form of energy can be changed into another. A waterfall may serve as an example. Water falling from its raised position, energy changes from potential into kinetic energy. The energy of falling water is generally used to turn the turbines of hydroelectric stations. The turbines in their turn drive the electric generators, the latter producing electric energy. Thus, the mechanical energy of falling water is turned into electric energy. The electric energy, in its turn, may be transformed into any other necessary form.

        When an object loses its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy. Thus, in the above-mentioned example when water is falling from its raised position, it certainly loses its potential energy, that energy changing into kinetic energy.

         We have already seen that energy of some kind must be employed to generate the electric current. Generally speaking, the sources of energy usually employed to produce current are either chemical, as in the battery, or mechanical, as in the electromagnetic generator. Chemical sources of current having a limited application, the great quantities of electric energy generated today come from various forms of mechanical energy.  

        Every year we need more and more energy. We need it to do a lot of useful things that are done by electricity. However, the energy sources of the world are decreasing while the energy needs of the world are increasing. These needs will continue to grow as more motors and melted metals are used in industry and more electric current is employed in everyday life.

 

Словарь

 

to change – изменять

chemical – химический

to drive – приводить в движение

to employ – использовать, применять

generally – обычно

 to harness – использовать энергию (воды, ветра, солнца.)

in ones turn – в свою очередь

to produce – производить

source – источник

solar – солнечный

semiconductor – полупроводник

waterfall – водопад

          

Упражнение 7.1 Прочитайте и переведите словосочетания

 

to make use of the lift, chemical sources of current, industrial application, semiconductor devices, potential energy, solar furnace, source of direct current, to change electric energy, electric device.

 

Упражнение 7.2 Вопросы по тексту

 

1. Can one form of energy be changed into another form?

2. Does a generator produce mechanical energy?

3. Is the sun an unlimited source of energy?

4. Can we employ solar energy directly?

5. Have scientists transformed solar energy into electric energy?

6. Is potential energy the energy of motion?

7. Do we need more and more electric energy every year?

8. Are there various forms of energy?

9. Do you use electric energy every day?

 

Упражнение  7.3  Заполните пропуски с подходящими словами данными ниже

 

1. The energy of … is generally used to turn the turbines of hydroelectric stations.

2. The turbines in their turn drive the electric …, the latter producing electric energy.

3. When an object loses its  ... energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy.

4. Every year we need more and more … .

5. We need it to do a lot of useful … that are done by electricity.

 

things, falling water, generators, energy,potential;

 

Упражнение 7.4 Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

 

1. There are various forms of energy, such as heat, ……

2. However, the energy sources of the world are decreasing ……

3. These needs will continue yo grow as more motors and melted metals ……

4. The electric energy, in its turn, may be …

5. Water falling from its raised position, energy ……

 

Упражнение 7.5 Найдите несколько слов из таблицы

   

i

n

d

u

s

t

r

y

r

j

e

s

t

u

r

n

o

y

t

e

e

r

t

e

n

f

e

v

a

b

e

e

z

i

c

d

m

i

r

d

w

a

t

e

r

n

l

n

i

c

y

w

b

e

a

m

r

e

p

e

l

o

o

p

e

k

u

m

t

h

g

x

a

r

m

a

t

u

r

e

  

Упражнение  7.6 Переведите предложения

 

1. Chemical sources of current having a limited application, the great quantities of electric energy generated today come from various forms of mechanical energy.

2. The rising standards of modern civilization and growing industrial application of the electric current result in an increasing need of energy.

 3. The sun is an unlimited source of energy.

4. Using semiconductors, scientists, have transformed solar energy into electric energy.

 

Урок 8

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Lasers and masers 

      

        A laser is a machine for making and concentrating light waves into a very intense beam. The letters LASER stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The light made by a laser is much more intense than ordinary light. With ordinary light, all the light waves are different lengths. With lasers, all the light waves have the same length, and this increases the intensity.

       Atoms are made up of neutrons, electrons and protons. The electrons circle round the protons and neutrons. In a laser, the electrons are “excited” to a high energy level. As the electrons fall back from their “excited” state to their normal state, they give off energy. This energy is given off as light which can be seen. A number of materials have this property including some gases, liquids, solids and semiconductors. Thus a number of different types of lasers have been developed.

         Lasers are now used for many scientific, medical, and industrial purposes. The thin beam of light gives a lot of heat and it is used to join metal when a very small joint is needed. The beam can also be used as a drill, to make holes in steel, or even in diamonds. Because the beam is so small, it’s very important in delicate surgery and is used in eye operations.

        Lasers are also used in holography. A hologram is a three- dimensional image, a bit like a photograph. It’s different from a photograph because it looks solid.

The word MASER is also an acronym – for Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The maser is operated on the same principle as the laser except that the wavelengths generated are much longer and therefore the energy jumps involved are smaller. The excited bodies in a maser are molecules rather than atomic electrons and the beam generated is a coherent beam of microwaves which is not visible to the eye.

      Masers have made revolutionary advance possible in a number of different fields. They are up to 1.000 times more sensitive than any other type of amplifiers. Maser amplifiers mounted on radio telescopes can increase even their great range by a factor of 10, allowing us to reach out to the bounds of the known universe. Because of the very constant frequency with which masers can be made to oscillate they can be used as master controls for atomic clocks of unbelievable accuracy:

An error not exceeding 1 second in 10.000 years has already been achieved.

 

Словарь

 

laser – лазер, оптический квантовый генератор

maser – мазер, микроволновый квантовый генератор

light waves – световые волны

amplifier – усилитель

to make up – составлять

energy level – уровень энергии

to give off energy (light) – отдавать энергию; излучать, испускать(свет)

to generate – вырабатывать

solid – твердое тело

property – свойство

three-dimensional image – объемное  изображение

emission – излучение

range – диапазон

wavelength – длина волны

by a factor of 10 – в 10 раз

to oscillate – колебаться

master control – главный орган управления

    

Упражнение  8.1 Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний

      

 before the turn of the century, fantastic story, sword of heat, mysterious sword of heat, has come to reality, the name stands for, light amplification, stimulated emission, mankindss oldest dream, to make lead run like water, technological tool, thermonuclear fuel, to have no time to disuntegrate, experiments in heating, required temperature, dozens of times greater, in just a fraction of a second. технологическое средство, заставить свинец литься как вода, название означает, старейшая мечта человечества, усиление света, в конце прошлого века, индуцированная эмиссия, огненный меч, таинственный огненный меч, воплотилось в реальность, фантастическая история, эксперименты по нагреву, требуемая температура, термоядерное топливо, нет времени для распада, в десятки раз больше, всего за долю секунды.

 

Упражнение  8.2 Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста  

 

1. The light made by a laser is much more intense than ordinary light.

2. With ordinary light, all the light waves have the same length.

3. With lasers all  the light waves have different length.

4. A laser concentrates light waves into a very intense beam.

5. Lasers are now used for many scientific, medical, and industrial purposes.

 

Упражнение  8.3 Вопросы по тексту

 

1. What are atoms made up of?

2. To what level are the electrons excited in a laser?

3. When do they give off energy?

4. In what form is this energy given off?

5. Are lasers used in holography?

6. What is the maser?

7. Have masers made revolutionary advance possible in a number of different fields?

8. What are up to 1.000 times more sensitive than any other type of amplifiers?  

 

Упражнение  8.4 Найдите английский эквивалент следующих слов

 

голография, голограмма, объёмное изображение, выглядеть, испытывать, проверять, выяснять.

       

Упражнение  8.5 Составьте предложение из двух частей

 

1. A laser is a machine for making

and concentrating light waves in avery intense beam.

2. The thin beam of light gives a lot of heat and it is used

even their great range by a factor of 10, allowing us to reach out to the bounds of the known universe.

3. The beam can also be used as a drill, to make

generated are much longer and therefore the energy jumps involved are smaller

4. A hologram is a three-dimensional image,

to join metal when a very small joint is needed.

5. The maser is operatedon the same principle as the laser except that the wavelenths

a bit like a photograph.

6. The excited bodies in a maser are molecules rather than atomic electrons and the beam generated is a 

holes in steel, or even in diamonds. 

7. Maser amplifiers mounted on radio telescopes can increase

coherent beam of microwaves which is not visible to the eye.

 

Упражнение  8.6 Переведите предложения

 

1. The laser has become a multipurpose tool.

2. Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of  an intense beam of light.  

3. The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube, containing 10 percent helium gas and 90 per cent neon gas.

4. The electrons get energy from a power supply and become “excited”, giving off energy as light.

5. Scientists foresee the day when a single laser beam will be employed to carry simultaneously millions of telephone conversations or a thousand of television programmes. 

 

Список литературы 

1. Eric H. Glendinning, Norman Glendinning. Electrical  and  Engineering. 2003.

2. Lindsay White. Engineering. 2003

3. Куклина И.П. Energy is the source of life. Пособие для средних специальных технических учебных заведений. – СПб: Изд-во Каро, 2000.                  

4. Keith Boeckner. P. Charles Brown. Computing. 2003.

 

Содержание 

1. Electricity – Powering progress                                                                             3

2. Uses of electricity                                                                                                   6

3. The sources of energy                                                                                             9

4. Electricity and Magnetism                                                                                    12

5. The electric motor                                                                                                 14

6. The purposes of electric networks and systems                                                    17

7. Energy                                                                                                                   20

8. Lasers and Masers                                                                                                 22

Список литературы                                                                                                 26