Некоммерческое акционерное общество

АЛМАТИНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ

Кафедра Иностранные языки

 

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания по развитию умений аннотирования

технических текстов для всех специальностей

 

 

Алматы 2010

СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ: С.Б. Бухина. Английский язык. Методические указания по  развитию умений аннотирования технических текстов для  всех специальностей. – Алматы. АИЭС, 2010. –  с.28

Методические указания предназначены для развития умений аннотирования технических текстов по курсу «Перевод технической литературы» для студентов 2 курса всех специальностей. Целью методической разработки является подготовка студентов к составлению различных аннотаций на английском языке, в том числе и к техническим текстам и статьям. В методических указаниях предусмотрена система упражнений, направленных на развитие умений видеть главное в абзаце, статье, тексте, а также умений написания аннотации средствами английского языка.

 

PART I

 

Exercise 1

Прочитайте слова и в каждой строке найдите слово, определяющее их тематическое единство

1.     oscillation, waves, receiver, radio, communication;

2.     sportsman, foxhunting, amateur band, electronics;

3.     photograph, needle, vibrations, record-player, loud-speaker;

4.     John Baird, television, electron gun, scanner, cathode;

5.     pentode, vacuum tube, electrode, plate, grid;

6.     amplifier, receiver, transmitter, device, transistor;

7.     transistor, diode ,resistor, capacitor, integrated circuit;

8.     beam, light, laser, drill, emission, radiation,

9.     analog, digital, hardware, bubble, software, computer;

10. self-moving, mechanical, electronic, automatic;

11. compact disc, Sony, digital, laser beam;

12. Nipkow, picture scanner, cells, rotating disk, TV;

13. radar, nucleonic, computer, electronics, cybernetics;

14. binary, 0, digital, 1, bits;

15. read, add, stop, delete, instructions;

16. COBOL, ALGOL, FORTAN, APL, BASIC, Language;

17. Subroutine, store, debug, modulation, programming;

18. plus, minus, mathematics, subtract, multiply;

19. solution, suspense, chemistry, Mendeleev, elements;

20. dentist, therapeutics, doctor, surgeon, psychiatrist;

21. radio, electronics, engineering, mechanics;

22. armature, windings, commutation, brushes, motor;

23. winding, transformer, coil, iron core.

 

Exercise 2

Прочитайте слова и в каждой строке найдите то слово, которое не укладывается в данный смысловой ряд; затем найдите слово, определяющее их тематическое единство

 

1.     Newton, Volt, Dickens, Unit, Oersted, Coulomb;

2.     Kennedy, President, Eisenhower, Truman, Trotsky;

3.     Lomonosov, student, academician, writer, chemist, pilot;

4.     coffee, tea, milk, drinks, cocoa, soda, bread;

5.     airplane, bed, boat, subway, bus, car, transport;

6.     gold, silver, copper, metal, plastics, iron;

7.     morning, afternoon, month, midnight, noon, evening, day;

8.     books, magazines, software, letters, press, newspaper;

9.     air, plastics, rubber, copper, insulator, porcelain;

10. aluminum, silver, paper, conductor, copper;

11. kinetic, heat, mechanical, enthusiasm, energy, solar;

12. turbine, generator, furnace, uranium, reactor, coal;

13. magnetism, electricity, iron, molecule, disarrangement;

14. generator, load, heater, incandescent lamp, motor;

15. Algol, Cobol, Fortran, Language, Spanish, Basic;

16. vacuum cleaner, vacuum tube, glass, valve, grid, plate;

17. amplifier, detector, diode, pyrometer, oscillator;

18. filament, carbon, platinum, oxygen, strontium, tungsten;

19. thermionic tube, diode, microphone, cathode, anode;

20. chip, display, computer, teletype, disk, memory;

21. electricity, Franklin, Constitution, charges, music,

22. pressure, electric current,, Volta, electrolytes, literature;

23. battery, ammeter, switch, vacuum, circuit, voltmeter.

Exercise 3

Подберите к каждому тематическому блоку определяющее их единство слово, выбрав его из вспомогательного словаря, помещенного ниже

 

1.     RADIO                                                          2.___________

hand-portable radio                                                       record player

modern receivers                                                           compact disk player

alarming telephone device                                              walkman

Popov                                                                           tape deck

Marconi                                                                        radio

 

 

3.     ________                                                      4. ___________

bus                                                                               United States

truck                                                                             Kazakhstan

motorcycle                                                                   United Kingdom

bicycle                                                                          Hungary

car                                                                                China

 

 

 

5._________                                                      6. ___________

software                                                                        telex

hardware                                                                       videotext

CPU                                                                             decoder and storage

peripherals                                                                    modem

laptop                                                                                     terminal

1. Electronic equipment                                        6. Computer

2. Countries                                                         7. Zodiac signs

3. Electronic music sources                                  8. Greatest countries

4. Transport                                                                  9. TV of the future

5. Electronic system                                             10.Digital TV

 

Exercise 4

Подберите к каждому тематическому блоку определяющее их единство слово, выбрав его из вспомогательного словаря, помещенного ниже

1.______________                                            2.______________

         refrigerator                                                           furnace

         lamp                                                                    pyrometer

         vacuum cleaner                                                    motor

         washing machine                                                  crane

         iron                                                                     lift

3.______________                                            4.______________

         tram                                                                     mechanical

         trolley bus                                                            electrical

train                                                                     chemical

         underground                                                        atomic

 

5.____________                                                6._____________

         armature                                                              battery

commutation                                                        ammeter

shunt                                                                   voltmeter

electromagnet                                                       electromagnet

load                                                                     switch

home electric devices                                  electric devices

industrial electric devices                   electric transport

transport                                                    motor

generator                                                    circuit

electric energy                                            forms of energy

thermometer                                               magnetism

 

Exercise 5

Составьте список книг, которые могут оказаться полезными Вам при выполнении реферата по одной из указанных тем

“TELEGRAPH”, “TELEPHONE”, “RADIO”, “ATOMIC ENERGY”, “MAGNETISM”

1.      Appleton layer

2.      Biography of Morse

3.      Carbon microphone

4.      Communication

5.      Edison – the greatest inventor of the world

6.      Different properties of metal

7.      The Earth and its physical characteristics

8.      The field of computer science

9.      Greek legends

10.  Gutta-percha – a kind of insulators

11. The life story of Alexander Bell

12.  Lobachevski’s great discovery

13.  Lomonosov – a famous Russian scientist

14.  Long wave transmission

15.  A modern broadcast transmitting station

16.  Modern vacuum cleaners

17. Morse code

18.  New type of receivers

19.  Nuclear furnace

20.  Nuclear superheating

21.  Obninsk today

22.  The result of rubbing

23.  Splitting of atoms

24.  Telephone exchange

25.  Teletypewriters in wide use

26.  Underground cables

27.  Unit of information

28.  Vibration of the air

29.  Way of arrangement of molecules

30.  Wireless today

Exercise 6

В тексте сформулированы признаки объекта / предмета или явления. Найдите и определите этот объект

_________ an electronic equipment that accepts a small input signal and delivers a larger output signal that contains the essential waveform features of the input signal. Being of various types they are widely used in such electronic equipment as radio and television receivers, high fidelity audio equipment and computers. The active element in it may be a vacuum tube transistor or other device capable of producing an output signal that is larger than the input signal.

_________ a device for changing the electric current from one voltage to another. \it has two windings, that is coils, and an iron core. It operates equally well to increase the voltage and to reduce it.

_________ a device for transforming sound energy into electrical energy. They may be of different kinds: carbon, crystal, condenser, moving coil, dynamic.

_________ a system of short and long length called dots and dashes, in which each letter of the alphabet and each number has a symbol in dots and dashes. It is used in telegraphy where the length of the sound makes a dot and dash; some other writing sings also have a code; so a message can be sent by a signal in the code.

_________ the complete path which can be followed by an electric current; it generally consists of a number of components connected by wires acting as conductors offering little resistance to the current.

_________ a device in which sound waves are transformed by a microphone to variable electrical impulses, which are transmitted by wires to a receiver. The receiver can be an earphone or a loudspeaker.

         circuit                                                         amplifier

         microphone                                                Morse code

transformer                                                 telephone

Exercise 7

Выберите из трех названий то, которое может озаглавить абзац

         The HDTV revolution started quietly in the early ‘80s when Japanese manufacturers unveiled a stunning new video system with a picture that resembles a widescreen movie more than a traditional television. Using work they began in 1970 the Japanese also developed cameras, tape recorders and broadcasting equipment for new format. “They started when nobody in the world was thinking about how to improve TV”.

a.     The pioneers of the HDTV

b.    1970 the beginning of the new era of TV

c.     Cameras, tape recorders for the new format

The arrival of the new technology in the United States will force curious viewers to relearn how their systems operate. Simply put there are three ways to send the signal to a home receiver: traditional broadcasting from a transmitter, known in the trade as terrestrial; second, through a wire cable, a method that now delivers telecasts to 51 per cent of American homes, and third, by satellite to dish antennas placed on roofs or in backyards. The question now is which of these methods will be used to deliver the far more complex signals that produce the HDTV pictures.

a.      Traditional broadcasting

b.     The arrival to the USA of the new technology

c.     Can we use traditional methods for HDTV?

The Japanese are still lobbying both the Europeans and Americans to adopt modified versions of their HDTV transmission standard. But the world seems likely to end up with three different formats – and that’s a loss for everyone. A single HDTV standard that allowed countries to exchange news and entertainment effortlessly might well bring nations together. For now, however, the battle over HDTV seems destined only to drive them farther apart.

a.      HDTV will bring nations together

b.     The world is satisfied with 3 traditional formats

c.     Political reasons cause a loss for everyone

 

Exercise 8

Выберите из трех определений то, которое может стать названием абзаца

 

         Benjamin Franklin, an American who is famous for his interesting and useful inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this wonderful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very important question: could electricity be used to develop a fast, efficient system of long-distance communication? Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a long piece of wire. But note that was written on a piece of paper couldn’t be put into a wire. How could electricity be send messages?

a.      Famous Benjamin Franklin

b.     Electricity for communication

c.     Studies of electricity

 

A Danish scientist discovered that electricity could move a needle from left to right and that needle could be pointed at letters on a piece of paper. Then a German government worker made up a code system that could be used with an electric needle. In 1837, two English scientists sent a message by electric telegraph from Camden Town to Euston, a distance of more than 1.6 kilometers.

a.      The first electric telegraph

b.     A code system

c.      Practical use of electricity for communication

 

In the United States, Samuel Morse, a portrait painter, was experimenting with an electric telegraph, too. At first, he connected a pencil to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire, the pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. The pencil wrote the dots and dashes on a narrow piece of paper. Finally, he discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written; they could be sent in sound.

 

a.      Dots and dashes

b.     The invention of the telegraph

c.     The history of the telegraph

 

At one end of the telegraph wire the sender pressed a key. At the other end of the wire, another key went down and made a clicking sound. The telegraph operator used a short touch for a dot and a longer one for a dash. When the receiver heard the clicking sounds, he could figure out the message. On May 24, 1844, the first long distance message was sent by telegraph from Washington D.C. to Baltimore, Maryland – 64 kilometers.

a.      A historical event

b.     From Washington to Baltimore

c.     The telegraph in operation

 

Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861, telegraph wires stretched across the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe, too, Samuel Morse’ system became popular. But telegraph wires couldn’t be hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship – a journey of two or three weeks. A new method was needed.

a.      Faults and merits of the telegraph

b.     Samuel Morse’ system became popular

c.     Anew method was used

 

The Atlantic telegraph company, which was organized in 1856 by Cyrus Field and other businessmen, wanted to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. England and the United States contributed money for this experiment. Many attempts were made by ships from both countries. The 4,000 kilometer cable broke three times. Each time more money had to be raised, and a new cable had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866 the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland.

a.      The first transatlantic message by telegraph

b.     Atlantic Telegraph Company

c.     Underwater cable costs much money

 

Later cables were laid to Central and South America. After 1900, transatlantic cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last, news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world.

a.      Transpacific cables

b.     Telegraph wins the world

c.     The year to be remembered 

 

Exercise 9

Прочитайте абзац. Назовите его главную идею и дайте ему название

 

         Today computer companies sell many different programs for computers. First there are programs for doing math problems. Second, there are programs for scientific studies. Third, some programs are like fancy typewriters. They are often used by writers and business people. Other programs are made for courses in schools and universities. And finally there are programs for fun. They include word games and puzzles for children and adults.

a.     Title

b.    Main idea

 

Computer language can be funny at times. For example, we say computers have memory. We know they do not know really, remember or think. But we still say “memory”. Also, on many computer programs there is “menu”. Of course, we are not talking about restaurants or food. This is a different kind of menu. Another funny example is the “mouse” in computers. It is hard not to think about a real mouse when you hear a word. But do not worry: there are no little gray animals in the machine.

a.      Title

b.     Main idea

  

Exercise 10

В прочитанном абзаце определите тот смысловой объект, который соответствует каждому из трех последующих определений. Из трех определений выберите название абзаца

 

         For a long time only Japan was developing the new TV system. Work started several years ago and Japan has spent a billion dollars. Other countries are taking only the first steps in this direction. Western Europe started developing the HDTV only after they understood that Japan could win the local market with these sets, as it did earlier with video tape-recorders, radios and ordinary televisions. The West European electronics industry is faced with the choice of billions in profit or billions in losses.

1.     _____________is developed by Japan.

2.     _____________can win the European market.

3.     _____________means billions in losses.

 

The main thing today is not to allow a repetition of the mistake made 25 years ago when three different systems of color television were adopted. There are 18 television systems in the world today, as a result of which millions of viewers suffer. Televisions made in one country cannot be used in another. The owner of a television working on the SECAM system can only watch anything recorded on PAL in black and white. And god forbids if the cassette comes from America. It is simply impossible to reproduce it on European equipment. Numerous devices have been developed to transfer video images from one system to another. But this means additional money and the quality is not good.

1.     ___________made 25 years ago.

2.     ___________of which millions of viewers suffer.

3.     ___________causes great technical and social problems.

 

I noticed long ago that television is developing much quicker than the greatest optimists from the state Planning Committee expect. According to Western estimates at the initial stage the cost of such TV sets will be twice that of the ordinary ones. But with mass scale production the price will exceed the cost of today’s sets by no more than 30-40%.

         1.____________will be twice that of the ordinary ones.

         2.____________does not mean much.

         3.____________is nothing if the quality is good.

 

There is no country in the world that produces all components on its own. Many people think that the Japanese make all the necessary HDTV components. But they buy many of them from foreign companies. International cooperation is important here. Of course the industry of Russia even lagging behind the world level, has achieved a great deal. But the development of the equipment for the HDTV calls for great efforts. They can only be realized within the framework of a single state program. High speed micron and submicron components are needed for this basically new optical system, special types of magnetic tape for high speed TV video tape recorders, optical discs with high recording density and many other things.

1.     ___________will be produced by the Russian radio electronic industry.

2.     ___________include high speed micron and submicron, optical discs etc.

3.     __________are produced within the framework of international cooperation.

Exercise 11

Прочитайте текст, абзацы которого даны вразброс. Расположите их в логической последовательности

1

         One day, while working with an instrument designed to carry sound, Bell automatically cried out to his assistant, “Watson, please, come here”. Watson at the other end of the circuit on the other floor heard the instrument speak and ran downstairs, beside himself with joy. It was the first telephone communication.

2

         Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on March 3, 1847 in a family interested in the problems of speech. Both father and grandfather had studied the mechanics of sound and Bell’s father had been one of the pioneer teachers of speech to the deaf people.

3

         It seemed to Bell that it was possible to convert the sound wave vibrations into a fluctuating electric current, and then that current, in its turn, could be reconverted into sound waves identical with the original at the other end of the circuit. In this way sound could be carried across wires at the speed of light.

4

         Between 1868 and 1870 Alexander worked along with his father and studied speech and taught deaf children in Edinburgh. In 1870 he moved to Canada and the next year he went to the United States. In 1873 he was appointed professor at Boston University. He became interested in the mechanical production of sound, basing his work on the theories of Helmholtz. 

 

Exercise 12

Прочитайте текст, абзацы которого даны вразброс. Расположите их в логической последовательности

1

         If this happened in the evening while you were in the cinema, you would be sitting in the dark without light. Then you would walk along dark streets. You would try to take a trolley-bus or a tram, it would be impossible. As there would be no light at home, you should use either a smoking kerosene lamp or a candle.

2

         Can you imagine a situation when all devices producing electricity would stop operating?

3

         You would like to use the microwave oven or to watch TV but they would not work because they both depend upon electric current. This example shows the importance of electricity in everyday life.

4

         At present it is difficult even to imagine the time when there was no electricity, when people had to do without it.

5

         What would our everyday life be like if there were no electricity? 

 

Exercise 13

Прочитайте текст и выделите абзацы. Озаглавьте текст

1) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on a group of islands forming part of Europe. 2) This does not include the southern part of Ireland, which is now an independent republic and not a member of the Commonwealth. 3) Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are parts of the United Kingdom. 4) During the present generation there has been a great change in the structure of British industry. 5) Until quite recent times the main British exports were coal and textiles. 6) With the increase of use of oil, the demand for coal at home has fallen, but so has the demand for coal for export. 7) The British textile industry has also suffered a great fall in overseas demands. 8) On the other hand, British exports of machinery, vehicles and electrical goods have vastly increased. 9) Many new branches of industry have developed, such as the production of motor cars, radio and television sets, refrigerators, etc. 10) Agriculture is one of the largest and most important activities in Great Britain. 11) Four fifth of the land is devoted to it, and it provides employment for over a million people. 12) The main branch of British agriculture is dairy farming. 13) Milk and milk products are famous all over the world. 14) Pig and poultry farms are common in all parts of Britain. 15) The chief grain crops are wheat and barley. 16) The geographical situation of Great Britain has produced a certain insular spirit among its inhabitants. 17) It was only in 1971 that decimal money became the regular form though even in this matter conservatism triumphed when the Government decided to keep the pound sterling as the basic unit. 18) The population of Great Britain totals 56 million. 19) About four fifth of the population is urban and only one fifth is rural. 20) Great Britain is one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world.

 

 

 

Exercise 14

Прочитайте текст и выделите абзацы. Озаглавьте текст

1) In studying the electric current, we observe the following relation between magnetism and the electric current: on the one hand magnetism is produced by the current and on the other hand the current is produced from magnetism. 2) Magnetism is mentioned in the oldest writings of man. 3) Romans, for example, knew that an object looking like a small dark stone had the property of attracting iron. 4) However, nobody knew who discovered magnetism or where and when the discovery was made. 5) One story tells us of a man called Magnus whose iron staff was pulled to a stone and held there. 6) He had great difficulty in pulling his staff away. 7) Magnus carried the stone with him in order to demonstrate its attracting ability. 8) This unfamiliar substance was called Magnus after its discoverer, this name having come down to us as “magnet”. 9) A great step forward in the scientific study of magnetism was made by Gilbert, the well-known English physicist (1540-1603). 10) He carried out various important experiments on electricity and magnetism and wrote a book where he put together all that was known about magnetism. He proved that the Earth itself was a great magnet. 11) At present everybody knows that in magnetic materials, such as iron and steel, the molecules themselves are minute magnets, each of them having a north pole and south pole. 12) When iron and steel are magnetized, the molecules arrange themselves in a new orderly way instead of the disarrangement in which they neutralize each other. 13) On placing an unmagnified iron bar near a strong magnet, we magnetize it. 14) Rubbing the magnet is not required for that process. 15) In other words, our iron bar has been magnetized by the strong magnet without rubbing it.

Exercise 15

Прочитайте текст и выделите абзацы. Озаглавьте текст

1)                The invention of electronic devices whose activity is based upon the flow of free electrons in vacuum has considerably enlarged the application of electrical energy for various industrial purposes. 2) It has become a new important phase in the development of electrical engineering as a whole. 3) It is electronic devices that made it possible to solve the problem of obtaining high frequency currents which are the basis of radio engineering, television, “talkies”, radar and other very important branches of modern engineering. 4) Radio, one of the most outstanding achievements was invented by A.S.Popov in 1909. 5) Broadcasting began to develop with short waves. 6) For the time being broadcasting has become a part of our life. 7) It is known that the basic devices in radio engineering are radio- transmitting and radio- receiving ones. 8) The theory of both these devices was developed by Soviet scientists. 9) In the early 30’s academician A.I.Berg developed the theory of radio-transmitting devices, and professor Siforov worked out the theory of radio-receiving devices. 10) Academician Vvedensky contributed a great deal to the discussion of the problem and to the successful development of radio electronics. 11) His investigations in the field of propagation of ultra-short waves were of particularly great significance. 12) The results of the researches are widely used in television, radar and other fields of radio electronics. 13) On May 5, 1945 academician Vvedensky was awarded the Popov Gold Medal for work in the field of radio physics and radio engineering, as well as for his research work in the field propagation of ultra-short waves. 14) In the early 30’s electronic television was developed. 15) Principles of electronic television suggested by B.L.Rosing were put into practice by S.I.Kataev and other specialists.

 

Составление аннотации

 

         Аннотация специальной статьи или книги – это краткая характеристика оригинала, излагающая его содержание в виде перечня основных вопросов и иногда дающая критическую оценку. (A summary is a short account of something that gives only the most important information and not all the details)

Объем аннотации обычно не превышает 500 печатных знаков.

         При составлении аннотации на статью или книгу на иностранном языке нужно проделать следующие операции:

а) выписать название статьи или книги, фамилию и инициалы автора на иностранном языке;

б) дать перевод названия статьи или книги;

в) дать выходные данные журнала на иностранном языке: номер, год издания, место издания, том, серию выпуска, количество страниц аннотируемой статьи (от – до); количество рисунков, таблиц, библиографических названий и т.д.;

г) дать краткое изложение статьи (a summary)  

 

NEW ENERGY FROM OLD SOURCES

Automobile Engineer, vol. 82, № 5, 1990, New York

1. The resources of fossil fuel which made the industrial revolution possible and have added to the comfort and convenience of modern life were formed over a period of 600-million years. We will consume them in a few hundred years at current rates. Certain steps should be taken to find solutions of energy problems.

2.The current energy problem is the result of many complex and interrelated factors, including a world-wide demand for energy, inadequate efforts during the recent past to develop new energy resources, delays in the construction of nuclear power plants, automobile changes that increase gasoline consumption. Demand must, of necessary, be moderated and intensive efforts must be made to expand the overall energy supply.

3.But energy is available to use in practically unlimited quantities from other sources. Large amounts of energy can be received from ocean tides and currents, from huge underground steam deposits, from the power of wind and from the heat of the Sun.

The idea of heating houses with the warmth of the Sun has become popular in the last few years. Since the U.S. News and World Report first told about solar heated homes near Washington some years ago, many similar projects have appeared around the country. In many places schools are using solar units to provide classroom heat.

4.Most solar-heating systems coming from the market use a black surface to absorb the Sun’s heat. Engineers cover the surface with glass which lets in the rays, but holds heat. The heat is transferred to water that runs through small pipes. The hot water is then circulated through the house. It is estimated that 40 million new buildings will be heated by solar energy by the year 2000.

The solar sell is another way to produce power from the Sun. It converts sunlight directly into electricity. These cells are used with great success in the space program, but remain far too expensive for widespread application.

In the meantime, solar homes are being built and lived in from California to Connecticut. The next step is mass production of homes, office building and schools – all heated by the Sun.

           5.Putting the wind to work researchers are showing great interest in the age-old windmill. Several big companies are to analyze windmills ranging from 100 to 2,000 kilowatts. The smaller would provide sufficient electricity to power several homes, the larger could provide electricity to a small village.

 

Образец аннотации текста

 

Аннотация

(New Energy from Old Sources)

Новые ресурсы энергии из старых источников

Automobile Engineer, vol. 82, № 5, 1990, New York

          В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы получения энергии от таких источников, как морские приливы, отливы, течения, солнце, ветер, а также подземные горячие источники.

 

Summary

           The article deals with problems of receiving energy from such sources as ocean tides and currents, the Sun, wind, as well as huge underground steam deposits.

 

Список выражений, рекомендуемых для написания аннотации:

The article is under the title...                                Статья под названием…

It is presented in…                                               Она опубликована в

The author of the article is…                                Автор статьи

He is a specialist in …                                          Он специалист в

The article deals with…                                        В статье говорится

The subject of the article is…                               Тема статьи

At the beginning of the article…                            В начале статьи…

The author describes…                                        Автор описывает…

-         touches upon…                                              - затрагивает…

-         explains…                                             - объясняет…

-         mentions…                                            - упоминает…

-         characterizes…                                      - характеризует…

-         analyzes…                                             - анализирует…

-         comments on…                                     - комментирует…

-         enumerates…                                         - перечисляет…

-         emphasizes…                                        - подчеркивает…

-         criticizes…                                            - критикует…

Then (after that, further on)…                               Затем

The author passes on to…                                   Автор переходит к

                   - goes on to say that..                                 - продолжает

                   - gives a detailed analysis…                         - дает подробный анализ

In conclusion the author says…                            В заключение автор говорит…

                   - sums it all up…                                        - суммирует…

                   - gives his account…                                  - дает свою оценку…

To conclude…                                                    В заключение

By the way of summary,…                                  

By the way of conclusion,…

Finally…

In conclusion…

Summing up…

To sum up…

To summarize…

To my mind…                                            По-моему

In my opinion…                                         По моему мнению

As it seems to me…                                   Как мне кажется

It is necessary to touch upon…                            Нужно отметить

As to…       I quite agree with…                  Что касается…я вполне согласен с...

On the one hand…                                               С одной стороны

On the other hand…                                   С другой стороны

To my mind this statement is right…                     Мне кажется, это утверждение верно

 

PART II

 

Exercise 1

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         Different ways of sending messages over long distances have been known and employed for thousands of years. But most important developments in the field of telecommunications have been made over the last hundred years.

         Most modern methods of telecommunication employ electricity. In 1820 it was discovered that an electric current could detect a magnetic needle to the left or to the right, according to the direction in which the current was flowing. This discovery made possible the invention of the telegraph.

         The telephone, which transmits speech, was a later invention. All sources of sound vibrate the air in different ways. The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current. This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver, in which a thin metal plate vibrates in the same way as the original voice.

         Moving pictures can be sent by television. Originally only black and white pictures could be transmitted, and the distances over which they could be sent were relatively short. But color television has now been developed, and telecommunication satellites have made intercontinental television transmission possible.

         The 533-meter ferroconcrete TV tower built in Moscow houses the broadcasting and TV stations, the apparatus and communication systems, the equipment and instruments of the Central High-Altitude Hydro-meteorological Observatory as well as a restaurant observation platforms and a conference hall.

         Television now plays an important part in many people’s lives. Television informs people about current events, the latest developments in science and politics, and offers different programs which are interesting and instructive.

 

Exercise 2

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                            Substances which conduct the flow of current electricity or permit electricity to flow through them are called conductors. Substances which do not permit the flow of electricity are called insulators.

Conductors vary as to their conductivity. In other words, there are good, medium, and poor conductors. Electricity must be controlled if it is to work for men. There must be a conductor (or path) through which electricity is to travel and also there must be insulators to keep it from “leaking” off the conductor. All materials used in electrical wiring will come under these two headings: either conductors or insulators. Both conductors and insulators are required by us.

         We have learned that all matter is made up of atoms, each atom having positive and negative charges of electricity. The movement within a wire of these negative charges, which are called electrons, is interesting. If the electrons easily moved, then we have a good conductor such as in silver and copper. But otherwise, if the electrons are arranged tightly within a material, such as in glass or mica, it is almost impossible to move them from atom to atom. The latter is true for a good insulator.

         The most common conductor is known to be copper in the form of wire. Silver is considered to be a better conductor than copper but it is more expensive and less plentiful.

         Copper wires vary in diameter and in the type of insulation, depending upon the use to be made of them. The diameter of the copper wire is measured by means of a wire gauge. The larger the diameter of a copper wire, the more amperage it will carry.

         There are many kinds of insulations used on wires, the kind of insulation depending upon the purposes for which the wire is to be used. For instance, for outside wiring, weatherproof insulation is used; for underground or other damp places, lead covering is placed over the insulation.

Exercise 3

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1.     ATOM IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

         The first source of energy which man made serve him was the energy of fire. Many thousand years passed before man learned how to use another source of energy – water, then manmade steam serve him; and then man has another servant – electricity. At that time it was impossible to imagine anything more perfect than electricity. But man would not and did not stop at electricity; he discovered another source of energy, many times more powerful – the atomic energy. What will man have in the future? What kind of energy will he be trying to use? Thermonuclear energy? Or the energy of “anti-matter”? We may be sure that discovery of atomic energy is just an episode in the history of human progress. But our age is the age of atomic nuclei which is to transform the world. 

 

2.     HARNESSING SOLAR ENERGY

         The experiments on solar cells gave the possibility to collect enough data to predict the possible performance of solar stations. These experiments have led to the construction of a solar furnace developing temperatures of 3,000 in a sunray focal point. Electricity generated by such an installation costs less than that generated by a steam power station.

         The solar stations in the Kara – Kum desert will become producers of cheap electricity in the near future. The amount of solar energy per square meter here is equal to the energy generated by burning 200 kg of high quality coal.

         Power cells of the size of a matchbox have been developed to convert solar energy into electricity. Such cells can accumulate sufficient energy in one bright day to power a large device for ten days. 

 

3.     OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY

         One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is the rapid progress of optical communication where optical fibers are replacing conventional telephone wires and cables. Just as digital technologies greatly improved the telephone system, optical communication promises a considerable increase in capacity, quality, performance and reliability of the global telecommunication network. New technologies such as optical fibers will increase the speed of telecommunication and provide new, specialized information service. Voice, computer data, even video images, will be increasingly integrated into a single digital communication network capable to process and transmit virtually any kind of information.

         It is a result of combining two technologies: the laser, first demonstrated in 1960, and the fabrication 10 years later of ultra – thin silicon fibers, which can serve as light wave conductors. With the further development of very efficient lasers plus continually improved techniques to produce thin silica fibers if incredible transparency, optical systems can transmit pulses of light as far as 135 kilometers without the need for amplification or regeneration.

         At present high – capacity optical transmission systems are being installed between many major US cities at a rapid rate. The system most widely used now operates at 147 megabits per second and accommodates 6,000 circuits over a single pair of glass fibers (one for each direction of transmission). This system will soon be improved to operate at 1, 7 gigabits per second and handle 24,000 telephone channels simultaneously.

         A revolution in information storage is underway with optical disk technology. The first optical disks appeared in the early 1970 – s. They were and are used to record video films, but in a continuous spiral rather than digitally.

         The first digital optical disks were produced in 1982 as compact disks for music. They were further developed as a storage medium for computers. The disks are made of plastics coated with aluminum. The information is recorded by using a powerful laser to imprint bubbles on the surface of the disk. A less powerful laser reads back the pictures, sound or information. An optical disk is almost indestructible and can store about 1000 times more information than a plastic disk of the same size.

         The latest optical disk development is a system, which enables computer users to record their own information on a glass or plastic disk coated with a thin film tellurium. Such a disk can store 200 megabytes (200 million characters).

         Besides, it is reported that an optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced and intensive research on optical electronic computers is underway at a number of US companies as well as in countries around the world.

         It is found that optical technology is cost – effective and versatile. It finds new applications every day – from connecting communication equipment or computers within the same building or room to long – distance transcontinental, transoceanic and space communications. 

 

4. ELECTRIC MOTORS

         Motors are used for converting different forms of energy into mechanical energy.

         The main part of a motor is a coil or armature. The armature is placed between the poles of a powerful magnet. When a motor is put into operation current starts flowing through the coil (armature) and the armature starts rotating.

         Electric motors are used practically in every branch of industry, and agriculture. Naturally, they are produced in many different designs. They are used in industrial plants and operate under different conditions.

         Each motor is supplied with a nameplate which bears machine ratings: output power, voltage, the rated current, the starting current, the power factors, the efficiency, and the rated torque.

         These motor rating should be taken into consideration since they are necessary for the users. On them depends the length of motors’ life, which is normally equal to about 10 years, provided that the operating conditions are normal. Naturally, under abnormal conditions the service life becomes much shorter: motors operate poorly and may have different faults. 

 

5. SOLAR ENERGY

         The Sun radiates to our planet great amounts of energy. This energy input fuels all our biological processes and is the original source for hydropower, wind power, and fossil fuel resources. Environmentally and economically, the Sun is our greatest energy source. Why then is the direct use of solar energy so limited for industrial, domestic, commercial and transportation purposes?

         First, solar energy arrives in small quantities – only about one kW per square meter; second, it does not arrive at all during night hours. Third, it is very difficult to transform it into useful energy forms except low – grade heat.

  

1.     HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Hydroelectric power plants are built on rivers. Large – capacity hydroelectric power plants are commonly located at considerable distances from consumers of electric power.

         The production process at these plants is rather simple: the water flows into the hydro turbine runner, acts upon the runner blades and rotates the runner and the turbine shaft.

         The generator shaft is connected to the turbine runner shaft. The difference in the water level influences the power capacity of a plant, i.e. the magnitude of the water head and the daily inflow of water fluctuate considerably according to the season.

         The production process is different at power plants of different constructions and of different kinds. In atomic power plants, for example,  it is not so simple as in hydroelectric plants.