Некоммерческое акционерное общество

АЛМАТИНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ

Кафедра «Иностранные языки»

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания к семестровым работам для студентов всех специальностей

Алматы 2010

СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ: Г.С. Ахетова. Английский язык. Методические указания к семестровым работам для студентов бакалавриата всех специальностей.– Алматы. АИЭС, 2010. –32 с.

Данные методические указания предназначены в помощь студентам выполняющим самостоятельно семестровые работы. В методические указания предназначаются для студентов бакалавриата всех специальностей.

Данная методическая работа предназначена для студентов бакалавриата всех форм обучения для самостоятельной работы студентов над текстами общетехнического характера. В конце каждого текста имеются задания, грамматического и лексического характера, которые студенты должны самостоятельно выполнить.

Text №1

A Very Short History of the Telecommunications Business

Private companies started the telephone industry in the late 1800s, but government agencies became involved as the telephone became a vital service. Governments considered telephone service to be a "natural monopoly" because they felt it only made sense to build a single telephone system to serve all homes and businesses. Through most of the twentieth century, most telephone service outside the United States was run by government post, telephone, and telegraph agencies. In the United States, private telephone service was heavily regulated by state and federal agencies, and most of the nations cities were served by a single giant company, AT&T.

This began to change in the late 1970s, as other companies began to offer long-distance service. In 1984, AT&T spun off seven regional operating companies, three of which have since disappeared in mergers. Overseas, telephone agencies were separated from post offices and privatized. Cellular telephone networks emerged in the same period, and now handle a large share of telephone traffic. Cellular service is competitive, with multiple companies offering service across the United States.

The trend in the cable industry is also toward consolidation. Cable TV began as small companies scattered around the country, but is now dominated by a handful of Multiple System Operators (MSOs) such as Comcast and Time-Warner. Internet services now are offered by telephone and cable companies, and by other companies including Microsoft, AOL, and EarthLink.

The telecommunications bubble pumped a tremendous amount of money into the industry, which companies used to expand and to buy other companies, often at greatly inflated prices. New companies tried to build "overlay" networks that provided services in competition with existing phone and cable systems, but only a few of them survived the collapse of the bubble. Most of the local "competition" that remains today is based on regulations that require phone companies to lease their transmission lines to other companies that want to provide phone service. Cable companies aren't required to lease their lines, but sometimes allow other companies to offer broadband service over their cables.

Do the following tasks:

1.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to the tense forms of the verbs.

1.2. Make up word combinations with the words given below:

1) private	a) transmission
2) government	b) system operators
3) vital	c) joint company
4) a single	d) agencies,
5) long-distance	e) companies
6) cellular	f) money
7) multiple	g) prices
8) inflated	h) the bubble
9) the collapse of	i) service
10) amount of	j) telephone networks

1.3. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) Telephone service was considered a natural monopoly.

b) Telecommunication is a complex industry that involves different companies offering different goods and services.

c) The basic idea of communications is very simple to transmit information from one point to another.

1.4. Form adjectives using the suffices: -able, -ful, -ness, -less, -ous.

regret, change, use, vary, bright, compete, survive, wire, apply, fame, hand, limit.

1.5. Match the two halves of the following sentences:

1) The telecommunication industry

2) Telecommunication sends

3) Governments considered

4) Telecommunications systems

a) Transmit signals by modulating a carrier wave a baseband signal.

b) telephone service to be a natural monopoly

c) signals over a distance through such media as optical fibers, copper wires, and radio waves.

d) includes distinct types of companies that earn money in different ways

1.6 Write the plural forms of the following nouns:

Company, city, bubble, agency, share, service, region, monopoly, industry, media.

1.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №2

Energy

The word energy derives from Greek ἐνέργεια (energeia, activity, operation from ἐνεργός - energos, "active, working), which possibly appears for the first time in the work Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle in the 4th century BC.

In physics, energy is a quantity that can be assigned to every particle, object, and system of objects as a consequence of the state of that particle, object or system of objects. Different forms of energy include kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, elastic, light, and electromagnetic energy. The forms of energy are often named after a related force. German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz established that all forms of energy are equivalent - energy in one form can disappear but the same amount of energy will appear in another form.[2] Energy is subject to a conservation law. Energy is a scalar physical quantity. In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules, but in some fields other units such as kilowatt-hours and kilocalories are also used.

Any form of energy can be transformed into another form. When energy is in a form other than heat, it may be transformed with good or even perfect efficiency, to any other type of energy. With thermal energy, however, there are often limits to the efficiency of the conversion to other forms of energy, due to the second law of thermodynamics. As an example, oil is reacted with oxygen, potential energy is released, since new chemical bonds are formed in the products which are more powerful than those in the oil and oxygen. The released energy resulting from this process may be converted directly to electricity (as in a fuel cell) with good efficiency. Alternately it may be converted into thermal energy, if the oil is simply burned in order to heat the combustion gases to a certain temperature. In the latter case, however, some of the thermal energy can no longer be used to perform work at that temperature, and is said to be "degraded." As such, it exists in a form unavailable for further transformation. The remainder of the heat may be used to produce any other type of energy, such as electricity.

In all such energy transformation processes, the total energy remains the same. Energy may not be created nor destroyed. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time.[3]

Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy (and higher total energy) relative to the Earth.

Do the following tasks:

2.1 Translate the text in written form paying attention to the use of Modal verbs.

2.2. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) Any form of energy can be transformed into another form.

b) The electric potential energy in the atmosphere changes into heat, light and sound.

c) The concept of energy is widespread in all sciences.

2.3. Form nouns from these adjectives:

Different, electric, creative, efficient, moveable, relative, valuable, strong, gravitational, applicable, magnetic, powerful, free, alternative, high, potential, wide.

2.4. Make up word combinations with the words given below:

1) Isolated	a) temperature
2) Potential and kinetic	b) bonds
3) Atmosphere	c) hours
4) Related	d) thermodynamics
5) Frame of	e) electricity
6) Kilowatt	f) reference
7) A flow of	g) transformation
8) Certain	h) system
9) Second law of	i) energy
10) Chemical	j) force

2.5.Match the following words in the box with the given definitions:

Kilowatt, joules, oil, combustion, heat, amount, gravitation, lighting, oxygen, isolate.

1. a powerful flash of light in the sky caused by electricity and usually followed by thunder.

2. a quantity of something such as time, money, or a substance.

3. warmth or the quality of being hot.

4. the force that causes two objects, to move towards each other because of their mass.

5. to separate a substance.

6. a gas that has no color or smell, that is present in air.

7. a unit for measuring energy or work.

8. a smooth thick liquid that used to make machines run easily or is burned to produce heat.

9. a unit for measuring electrical power, equal to 1000 watts.

2.6. Give synonyms to the following words:

energy, quantity, subject, convert, perform, heat, certain, use, apply, value, move, reference, case, make, possible, may, state, exist, field, measure, simple, direct.

2.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №3

The Telephone Network

The telephone network spread around the globe in the twentieth century, becoming the backbone of the international telecommunications network. The phone network was intended to carry, conversations between any two telephones, so it has connections extended to individual home and office phones around the world.

Local and regional telephone systems interconnect with each other and with long distance and international carriers to offer service around the block and around the planet. Telephone numbers provide the information needed for switching signals. In much of North America, you can direct calls within your area code by dialing seven digits. Long-distance calls within the United States, Canada, and parts of the Caribbean require dialing a long-distance code (1), a three-digit area code (XXX), and a seven-digit local number. (You must always dial the area code in places where two or more area codes are overlaid in the same area.) To make overseas calls, you dial an international code (Oil from the United States), a 1- to 3-digit country code (e.g., 44 for Britain or 81 for Japan), usually a city code or other regional code (e.g., 207 for inner London or 3 for Tokyo), then a local number (usually 6 to 8 digits). Thanks to this system, you can call most of the phones in the world from your home or office, although you may regret it when you get the bill.

Each traditional twisted-wire-pair telephone line carries only a modest amount of information. A to standard analog phone line carries sound frequencies of 300 to more than 3000 Hz, which the industry calls POTS, for Plain Old Telephone Service. (Phone lines can carry frequencies 4000 Hz, but the upper frequencies are used for control signals.) That is enough for intelligible conversations, but it is far short of the ideal 20- to 20,000-Hz range of the human ear. Pulse-code modulation converts the analog signal to digital format, with one voice channel equal to 64,000 bit/s.

Do the following tasks:

3.1. Translate the text paying attention to the tense forms of the verbs in Passive voice.

3.2. Define what parts of speech these words are:

Spread, local, overlaid, bill, direct, frequency, intelligible, amount, provide, backbone, analog, short, equal, carry, area, standard, extend, local, dial.

3.3. Match the two parts of the following sentences:

1) The Internet

2) Telephone numbers

3) The land line telephone system.

4) The telephone network.

a) provide the information needed for switching signals

b) carries digital data more efficiently than phone lines.

c) spread around the glove in the twentieth century, becoming the backbone of the telecommunications network.

d) is so pervasive that all for machines, mobile phones, pagers and dial-up computer modems work with it.

3.4. Translate the following international words:

telephone network,

direct call,

switching signals.

a long –distance code;

a three-digit area code;

a seven-digit local number;

twisted–wire –pair telephone;

pulse-code modulation;

the land-line telephone;

3.5. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) The global network operates on many levels and through many media.

b) Video signals are broadcast through the air by ground or satellite transmitters.

c) Telephone network spread around the globe in the twentieth century.

3.6. Enumerate the main advantages of telephone as a means of telecommunication.

3.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №4

Electric Power Generation

Kazakhstan's power generation industry has undergone a challenging and painful post-Soviet transformation. The production and consumption of electricity in Kazakhstan fell significantly following independence in 1991. This was followed by an aggressive privatization program, followed by state involvement in a few generation companies. Robust economic growth since 2000 has helped boost generation to 78.9 billion kilowatt-hours (Bkwh) in 2007 and consumption to 76.9 Bkwh. In 2008, consumption reached 80 Bkwh. Due to the financial and economical crisis, electricity consumption in 2009 will slow down, as production stagnates in the metallurgical plants and construction industry.

The electric power industry remains a key factor in Kazakhstan’s industrial development and economic growth and electric power generation accounts for about one-tenth of all industrial output. The government of Kazakhstan has developed an action plan for electric power development to 2015, which includes a list of power plants for reconstruction and modernization, as well as the construction of new facilities. The country's power generation sector is projected to boost total capacity to 124.5 billion kWh by 2015. However, equipment in existing electric power plants will only allow an increase in energy production to 80 billion kWh. Therefore, the country plans to modernize existing facilities and construct new power plants in order to meet consumer demand and increase its export potential and reserve capacity.

Financing for new generation facilities remains questionable, however. Kazakhstan's wholesale power tariff structure is expected to change in the near future, once the new Law on Electricity, which took effect January 1, is officially implemented by Prime Ministerial decree. The decree will establish a seven-year price ceiling for electricity. The Agency for the Regulation of Natural Monopolies states that the purpose of the decree is to attract foreign investment by guaranteeing a stable, long-term price for power companies. However, industry experts note that Kazakhstan’s tariffs are among the lowest in the world, which they claim makes new facilities commercially non-viable. They also say that the government's proposed fixed prices would be below market rates and would discourage future investment in infrastructure. As it is, U.S.-based AES is the only foreign power company operating in Kazakhstan, and in 2008 they sold their major asset to Kazakhmys, a copper mining company that in turn sold the shares to Samruk-Kazyna, the state holding company.

Do the following tasks:

4.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to the use of Perfect tenses.

4.2. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) The electric power industry remains as a key factor in Kasakhstan’s industrial development.

b) Our country planed to construct new power plants in order to meet consumer demands.

c) The decree will establish a seven year price ceiling for electricity.

4.3. Form verbs from these nouns:

Production, consumption, involvement, generation, electricity, equipment, expectation, establishment, investment, development, modernization, converter.

4.4. Give synonyms to the following words:

To transform, to remain, purpose, list, to construct, to produce, consumer, to operate, demand, available, to fix, to expect, tariff, to allow, power, growth.

4.5. Unscramble the letters and match the words in the box to their definitions:

Rowpe, reedec , perexts, pacity, ptconimuosn, cerip, ahsres, vestintemt, acerh torenegina.

1. someone with a special knowledge or skill.

2. the amount of money which you pay.

3. the size of power of something.

4. energy that can be used to make electricity.

5. the use of money to get a profit.

6. an official order or decision.

7. to divide equal parts between two or more people

8. the process of producing something or making something happen.

9. the amount of energy that is used.

10. to succeed in something.

4. 6. Put down the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives:

Significant, great, slow, new, painful, high, low, stable, little, new.

4.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №5

Optical Filters and WDM

The optical devices most often used to selectively transmit certain wavelengths are called filters. The term covers a broad range o devices, you should understand what they are and how they work. Filters play important roles in WDM systems, although other technologies also may be used.

Sunglasses are a familiar type of optical filter, and like the filters used for WDM, sunglasses come in many varieties. Ordinary gray-green sunglasses are simple attenuators that block a uniform fraction of the light across the spectrum, and don't obviously change the colors of the world. Polarizing sunglasses transmit light of only one polarization, blocking the other polarization. The world doesn't look obviously different through polarizing sunglasses unless you look at certain parts of the sky or surfaces that look unusually bright or dark. Colored sunglasses and some photographic filters make the world look colored because they block other shades. Thus blue or red sunglasses make other objects seem to be those colors.

In the world of optics, "filter" often is a broad term applied to components that filter out part of the incident light and transmit the rest. Many types, such as photographic filters and most sunglasses, absorb the light they don't transmit. The only places such absorbing filters are used in fiber-optic systems are where it's important to absorb undesired light, such as in attenuators and optical isolators. In WDM systems, the wavelengths that are not transmitted through the filter normally are reflected so they can go elsewhere in the system. Such filters are like mirror shades and one-way mirrors, which reflect most incident light, but transmit enough for you to see through them (if you're looking into a brighter area).

The term "filter" is used a little differently in WDM. Typically it means one specific type of filter, the interference filter.

Interference filters are made by depositing a series of thin layers of two materials with different refractive index on a flat piece of glass. Alternating layers are deposited of еасh material. Typically the materials are insulators or dielectrics, which do not conduct electricity, so these filters are sometimes called dielectric filters.

Do the following tasks.

5.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to the -ing- forms.

5.2. Define what parts of speech these words are:

Optical, broad, attenuator, obviously, absorb, selective, reflect, usually, colored, important, polarize, device, differently, incident, typically, refractive, spectrum.

5.3. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) WDM filters transmits selected wavelengths and reflect others.

b) Colored sunglasses and some photographic filters make the world look colored because they block other shades.

c) It is important to absorb undesired light.

5.4. Match the following words in the box with the given definitions:

Filter, spectrum, WDM, insulator, to block, reflection, polarization, attenuator, photography, multiplexer,

1. to prevent or to stop something happening.

2. the process of making pictures using light.

3. the action or process of light, heat or sound being thrown back from a surface.

4. to remove unwanted substances from water, air etc.

5. range of wavelength.

6. an optical device that reduces the intensity of transmitted light.

7. wavelength – division multiplexing, transmitting signals of multiple closely spaced wavelength through the same fiber.

8. an object which doesn’t allow electricity, or heat, or sound to pass through it.

9. alignment of the electric and magnetic field.

10. a device that combines two or more signals into a single output.

5.5. Find the wrong statement and correct them:

a) Insulators or dielectrics are good conductors of electricity.

b) Filters play important roles in WDM system.

c) Blue or red sunglasses make other objects seem to be those colors.

d) The world look obviously different through polarizing sunglasses.

5.6. Form Participle 1 and Participle 2 from these verbs:

To use, to absorb, to reflect, to work, to change, to look, to include, to transmit, to polarize, to apply, to block, to run, to look, to do, to be, to build, to mean.

5.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №6

Transmitter Performance

Electronic and optical components combine to determine the performance of an optical transmitter. The light source or external modulator limits the raw speed and power. No matter what drive electronics you use, you can't make the light signals change faster than the light source (or external modulator) is capable of changing. Likewise, the electronics can’t extract more power than the light source is designed to deliver—except, perhaps, in the brief interval between the time the drive power overloads the light source and the moment the light source burns out.

The output wavelength depends mainly on the light source, but also may depend on control circuits that stabilize it at an assigned value. How much stabilization is needed depends on the application. Single-channel systems generally require no wavelength stabilization, but dense-WDM systems need active stabilization to lock the laser at a standard wavelength. Temperature also must be controlled because laser wavelength is temperature-sensitive. Cooling may also be required to limit operating temperature, because laser lifetime decreases as temperature increases.

The transmitter electronics and the input signal set the optical signal modulation format and data rate (called clock rate in communications). As long as the laser or external modulator can handle the speed and power, it can transmit any format the electronics can support. Normally the transmitter electronics are designed to support standard formats.

Electronics also monitor the operation of the light source. An internal sensor may monitor output power from the rear facet of a laser, which usually transmits a small fraction of light for this purpose. Other circuits check drive-current levels, important because aging lasers need more drive current to generate the desired power level.

Do the following tasks:

6.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to the forms of Infinitive.

6.2. Match the two parts of the following sentences:

1) Transmitter electronics and input signal

2) The light source or external modulator

3) The electronics can’t

4) An inference sensor

5) Dense –WDM system

a) limits the transmitter speed.

b) set the modulation format and clock the rate.

c) may monitor the operation of the light source

d) extract more power than the light source.

e) need active stabilization to lock the laser at a standard wavelengths.

6.3. Form verbs from these nouns:

Modulator, application, stabilization, communication, transmitter, performance, operation, generation, formats, assignation, combination, driver, designer.

6.4. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) Electronics monitor the operation of the light source.

b) The light source or external modulator limits the raw speed and power.

c) The transmitter electronics and the input signal set the optical signal modulation format.

6.5. Make up word combinations with the following words given below:

1) External	a) formats
2) transmitter	b) power level
3) brief	c) WDM system
4) the output	d) current levels
5) an assigned	e) channel system
6) single	f) value
7) dense	g) wavelength
8) standard	h) modulator
9) an internal	i) performance
10) drive	j) interval
11) the desired	k) sensor

6.6. Match the words in the box to their definitions:

Electron, laser, wavelength, modulate, overload, sensor, transmitter, current, speed, support.

1. a light source packaged with drive electronics to produce an optical signal.

2. a very small piece of matter with a negative electrical charge that moves around the circuits.

3. a powerful narrow beam of light.

4. a piece of equipment used for discovering the presence of light, heat, etc.

5. the distance between two points on energy waves such as sound or light.

6. to change the form of radio signal so that it can be broadcast more effectively.

7. to put too much electricity through an electrical system.

8. approval, encouragement and help for someone or something.

9. the rate at which something moves or travels.

10. a flow of electricity through a wire.

6.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №7

Switches and Routers

The difference between switches and routers is an important one in telecommunications, but is easy for newcomers to misunderstand. Although both switches and routers direct signals, they do so in different ways and operate on different kinds of signals.

So far this section has concentrated on switches and switching. Originally, switch made physical connections between electrical circuits, like a wall switch connects a fixture to an electric power line, turning on the light. Old-fashioned electro-mecha switches made physical connections between the wires running from your telephone the wires running to your neighbor's phone.

Today, most switching is electronic, with solid-state circuits making connections. Once calls are digitized, your call does not have a whole wire (or fiber) to itself, but it does have a time slot in the series of pulses being transmitted. Engineers still call this connection a (or sometimes a virtual circuit), although it is not a set of wires dedicated to your conversation Such circuit-switched systems reserve a guaranteed capacity for each call. It's functionally i same as having your own dedicated pair of wires during your entire conversation, always available whether or not you are talking. Your entire conversation follows the same route.

An alternative approach is called packet switching. Instead of holding a dedicated open for you all the time, you share the system with many other users. The signals send are divided into data packets, with headers added to indicate their destination, called routers read the headers, then decide where to send the packet based on that information and network conditions at the moment. You can think of them as drivers of parcel delivery trucks who read the label (the header) at your door, then decide the best route to take the package to its destination. The Internet is the most familiar example of packet switching.

Note that there are important functional differences between switches and routers Switches set up a circuit and leave it alone as long as it's carrying signals. When the section is finished, the switch hangs up and waits for another call. Switches don't pay; attention to the content of the call beyond the initial information needed to make connection, and monitoring to see that the line is still in use.

Routers have a more complex job. They must read the headers of each and every then direct it to one of many other routers partway to the packet's destination. The is likely to go through a series of routers. Each router in sequence reads the header sends the packet closer to its destination. Like mail sorters, routers may bundle together packets that are going in the same direction, to be sorted and redistributed at their nation. In addition to reading the headers, routers monitor network conditions to establish the best routes for sending data packets.

It's important to remember that circuit switching and packet routing are different operations, with distinct requirements and hardware. Electronics can do both. So far, of circuit switches are available, but true optical routers are in the research stage.

Do the following tasks.

7.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to the tense forms of the verbs.

7.2. Put 5 general and 5 special questions to the text.

7.3. Define what parts of speech these words are:

Newcomers, difference, fixture, reserve, entire, complex, header, require, available, originally, carry, need, hang, condition, systematically, reliable, note.

7.4. Translate the following word combinations:

Physical-connection, old-fashioned, electro-macho switches, solid-state circuits, virtual circuit, circuit-switched system, packet switching, guarantied capacity.

7.5. Match the words in the box with the given definitions:

Delivery, circuit, router, dedicate, hertz, approach, switch, telephone, header, network.

1. a device that directs light or electricity along different paths such as fibers or wires.

2. a device that directs data packets to their destinations using in formations in their headers to pick the best path.

3. a method of doing something or dealing with a problem.

4. to give all attention and effort to one particular thing.

5. the complete circle that an electric current travels.

6. the act of bringing goods, letters, etc to a particular person or place, or the things that bought.

7. the system of communication that you use to have a conversation with someone in another place.

8. information at the top of a page.

9. a system of cables or other connections that links many terminals or devices.

10. frequency in cycles per second.

7.6. Change the following sentences from the Active to the Passive.

a) Engineers still call this connection as a virtual circuit.

b) They will share the system with many other users.

c) Routers had a more complex job.

7.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №8

Submarine Cables

The largest links in the global telecommunication network are submarine fiber-optic cables, which cross oceans to link continents. They have been vital links since the age of the telegraph, shrinking the world. In the rest of this chapter, we will look at them and their long-haul terrestrial cousins that form the backbone of telecommunications on land.

Submarine cables must meet extremely tough requirements. Their transmission capacity should be as high as possible because the cables are costly to make, lay, and operate. The cable, and any optical amplifiers or repeaters, must withstand harsh conditions on the bottom of the ocean for a design life of 25 years. Components must be extremely reliable because it is very expensive to recover the cable from the sea floor and haul it to the surface for repairs. The cable should transmit digital signals cleanly to be compatible with modern equipment. These specifications veritably call out "fiber optics," and since the 1980s fibers have been standard for submarine cables.

Submarine cables date back to the days of the electrical telegraph, and for well over a century they have played a vital role in binding the world together. Undersea telephone cables came long after telegraph cables, and the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable was not laid until 1988. However, since then the technology has grown at amazing speed.

The first submarine telegraph cable was laid in the English Channel in 1850, as Europe expanded its electrical telegraph system. It carried only a few messages between England and France before a fisherman snared it and hauled a piece to the surface. He thought it was strange type of seaweed. That experience taught submarine cable engineers an important lesson—waterproof isn’t enough. Fishing trawlers and ship anchors remain the biggest threat to cables in shallow water, so modern cables are buried a meter below the sea floor except in ocean depths below a few hundred meters.

The first attempt to lay a transatlantic telegraph cable failed in 1857, and it was not until 1866 that a reliable cable began operating under the Atlantic.

Do the following tasks:

8.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to the tense forms of the verbs in the Passive voice.

8.2. Match the two parts of the following sentences:

1) Submarine fiber cables

2) The cable

3) The first submarine

4) Submarine cables

5) Components

a) should transmit digital signals cleanly to be compatible with modern equipment.

b) are the backbones of intercontinental telecommunications.

c) telegraph cable was laid in the English channel in 1850.

d) must be extremely reliable because it is very expensive to recover.

e) must meet extremely tough requirements

8.3. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) The first submarine telegraph carried only a few messages between England and France.

b) Submarine cables play a vital role in binding the world together.

c) The first submarine telegraph cable was laid in 1850.

8.4. Form nouns from the following adjectives:

Deep , wide, global, reliable, electrical, important, long, possible, international, high, amazing, vital, extreme, strong, capable, tough, compatible.

8.5. Match the words in the box with the given definitions:

Backbone system, cables, tough, shallow, amplifier, vital, link, transmit, trawlers, telegraph.

1. a plastic or rubber tube.

2. extremely important.

3. connection between two things.

4. A transmission network that carries high-speed communications between regions.

5. a system for sending messages over long distances.

6. a short distance from the top to the bottom.

7. a piece of electrical equipment that makes sound louder.

8. a fishing boat that uses a net.

9. to send out electronic signals.

10. not easily broken or made weaker.

8.6. Explain why:

a) The first attempt to lay transatlantic telegraph cable failed in 1837.

b) Submarine cables must meet extremely tough requirements.

8.7. Write down a short summary of the text

Text №9

What Is Glass?

Glass is by far the most common material used in optical fibers, but glass takes many forms, so we should define our terms carefully.

From a scientific standpoint, a glass is a no crystalline solid—that is, a solid in which the atoms are arranged randomly, not lined up in the neat arrangements of a crystal. You can think of a glass as a sort of liquid with atoms frozen in place by very fast cooling, but it does not flow like a liquid, even over hundreds of years. Typically glasses are compounds such as oxides, but many compounds do not form glasses because they always crystallize. Even compounds such as silica (SiO2), which readily form good glasses, will crystallize when cooled slowly. Quartz is natural crystalline silica.

The stuff we think of as glass in everyday life is made by melting sand with lime, soda, and some other materials and then cooling the melt quickly. Chemically, the main constituents of ordinary window glass are silica, calcium oxide (CaO), and sodium oxide (Na2O). Silica accounts for the bulk of the compound. Calcium and sodium compounds improve its properties for glassmaking, notably by reducing its melting temperature. You can make many other types of glass by mixing in other materials. Lead compounds make fine crystal; a dash of cobalt turns the glass a striking deep blue. The glass industry has developed a vast array of glass recipes for different purposes, many going back generations.

Ordinary window glass looks transparent because you don't look through very much glass. Look into the edge of a pane of window glass and you find a strong green color; the wider the pane, the darker the green. The color comes from impurities in the glass. You don’t notice their effects when light passes through a few millimeters of window glass, but they add up if you look through the edge of a pane. Since the 1800s, the optics industry has developed a large family of optical glasses, made materials that are purer, clearer, and freer of tiny flaws than window glass. Compounds blended to give glasses with different refractive indexes, important for designers of devices. Standard optical glasses have indexes between about 1,44 and 1,8 at visible lengths, with pure silica having nearly the lowest refractive index, early fiber-optic developers turned to optical glasses after finding that ordinary glasses too much light for use in optical fibers. Their initially tried coating glass fibers low-index plastic to serve as the cladding, but when results were poor, they turned to cladding.

Do the following tasks:

9.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to the tense forms of the verbs in the Passive voice.

9.2. Put 5 general and 5 special questions to the text.

9.3. Make up word combinations with following words given below:

1) Scientific	a) randomly
2) non crystalline	b) components
3) arranged	c) crystalline silica
4) natural	d) stand point
5) Calcium and sodium	e) indexes
6) Refractive	f) optical glasses
7) visible	g) length
8) Standard	h) solid
9) ordinary	i) material
10) common	j)window glass

9.4. Form adverbs from the following words:

Random, extreme, refractive, initial, wide, common, near, total, certain, careful.

9.5. Match the words in the box to their definitions:

Quarts, glass, random, component standpoint, solid, silica, a pane, polarization, spectrum.

1. a solid in which atoms are arranged randomly instead of ordered in crystal.

2. hard or firm with the fixed shape, not a liquid or gas.

3. a way of thinking about people, situations, ideas etc.

4. a hard material substance that is used in making electronic devices.

5. to choose things in a way that is not carefully controlled.

6. the parts that consists of …

7. range of wavelength.

8. a chemical compound that exists naturally as sand and quarts,

9. a piece of glass used in a window or door.

10. alignment of the electric and magnetic field.

9.6. Give the antonyms to the following words:

Liquid, readily, good, find, visible, pure, frozen, quickly, near, improve, free, reduce, tiny, give, important, low, poor, natural, cool.

9.7. Write down a short summary of the text

Text №10

Nonlinear Effects

Normally light waves or photons transmitted through a fiber have little interaction with each other, and are not changed by their passage through the fiber (except for absorption and scattering). However, there are exceptions arising from the interactions between light waves and the material transmitting them, which can affect optical signals. These processes generally are called nonlinear effects because their strength typically depends on the square (or some higher power) of intensity rather than simply on the amount of light present. This means that nonlinear effects are weak at low powers, but can become much stronger when light reaches high intensities. This can occur either when the power is increased, or when it is concentrated in a small area—such as the core of an optical fiber.

Nonlinear optical devices have become common in some optical applications, such as to convert the output of lasers to shorter wavelengths by doubling the frequency (which halves the wavelength). Most nonlinear devices use exotic materials not present in fiberoptic systems in which nonlinear effects are much stronger than in glass. The nonlineari-ties in optical fibers are small, but they accumulate as light passes through many kilometers of fiber.

Nonlinear effects are comparatively small in optical fibers transmitting a single optical channel. They become much larger when dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) packs many channels into a single fiber. DWDM puts many closely spaced wavelengths into the same fiber where they can interact with one another. It also multiplies the total power in the fiber. A single-channel system may carry powers of 3 milliwatts near the transmitter. DWDM multiplies the total power by the number of channels, so a 40-channel system carries 120 mW. That's a total of 2 mW per square micrometer—or 200,000 watts per square centimeter!

Several nonlinear effects are potentially important in optical fibers, although some have proved more troublesome than others. Some occur in systems carrying only a single optical channel, but others can occur only in multichannel systems.

Do the following tasks:

10.1. Translate the text in written form.

10.2. Form verbs from the following nouns:

Transmission, interaction, absorption, exception, application, accumulation, concentration, comparison, strength, width, provident.

10.3. Give the Russian equivalents for the following English word combinations:

light waves, optical signals, nonlinear effects, the amount of light, low power, light intensities, a core of an optical fiber, fiber optic system.

10.4. Translate the following words paying attention to the suffixes:

Intensive, comparatively, closely, strength, optical, exception, normally, exotic, generally, simply, interaction, WDM—wavelength – division multiplexing.

10.5. Match the following words in the box to the given definitions:

photon, absorption, laser, wavelength, fiber optics, occur, convert, accumulate, nonlinear effects, rays.

1. interactions that are not proportional to the strength of one light signal.

2. conversion of light energy into another form by a material. Not equal to loss or attenuation, which includes scattering.

3. a unit of energy that carries light and has zero mass.

4. to happen or exist in particular place or situation.

5. to change something into a different form.

6. gradually increasing in amount or degree over a period of time.

7. straight lines that represent the path taken by light.

8. the distance between two waves.

9. the process of using very thin threads of glass or plastic to carry information in the form of light.

10. a very pure beam of light.

10.6. Form negative forms from the following words:

Linear, want, possible, pure, efficient, increase, important, understand, information, stable, countable, certain, different, living, valuable, desire, visible.

10.7. Write down a short summary of the text

Text №11

Coherent Transmission

If you're familiar with radio, you know that amplitude modulation is not particularly sophisticated. The amplitude-modulated AM-radio band is justly notorious for its static and background noise. Modulating the frequency of the carrier signal rather than the amplitude gives the FM (frequency-modulated) radio band much better signal quality. AM receivers pick up random spikes of amplitude noise from spark plugs and power lines, and the signal strength fades with distance from the receiver. In contrast, FM receivers do not pick up random noise spikes because they don't change the frequency of the radio signal. In addition, the strength of an FM signal depends not on its intensity but on how it changes the carrier frequency, so signals don't fade into the background; they stay strong until they start breaking up. (Other differences in AM and FM reception come from the different transmission frequencies.)

You might think it logical to try frequency modulation to improve optical transmission. In fact, it's been tried, but hasn't worked out very well.

Frequency modulation is one type of what optical engineers call coherent transmission, which works like a heterodyne (FM) radio system. The trick is to combine the incoming frequency-modulated signal with another signal kept at a constant frequency. Processing the difference between the input signal and the constant frequency (called a local oscillator) reproduces the radio program. The optical version requires a pair of lasers, one at the transmitter and a second (the local oscillator) at the receiver. The two lasers emit slightly different frequencies, v\ and vj. The transmitter modulates the frequency of the outgoing laser beam by passing it through a suitable external modulator. Alternatively, a modulator could delay the phase of the transmitter beam, causing a phase shift. At the receiver, the incoming signal at the transmitter frequency is mixed with the local oscillator beam, to give a microwave signal at the difference between the frequencies at the two light waves. That microwave signal carries the frequency- or phase-modulated signal, which can be extracted by further processing.

Do the following tasks:

11.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to Participle 1 and Participle 2.

11.2. Match the two parts of the following sentences:

1) The amplitude-modulated radio band

2) FM receivers

3) Coherent optical transmission

4) A modulator

a) don’t change the frequency of the radio sign

b) is justly notorious for its static and back ground noise

c) could delay the phase of the transmitter beam, causing a phase shift.

d) works like an FM band radio, but has not yet proved practically.

11.3. Translate the following word combinations:

amplitude-modulated, frequency modulated, radio band, coherent transmission, input signal, laser beam, microwave signal, background noise, local, oscillator.

11.4. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) The transmitter modulates the frequency of the outgoing laser beam.

b) A modulator could delay the phase of the transmitter beam, causing a phase shift.

c) The incoming signal is mixed with the local oscillator.

11.5. Define what parts of speech these words are:

modulation, notorious, static, strength, transmission, difference, reproduce, slightly, suitable, external, income, oscillation, coherent, heterodyne, particularly.

11.6. Match the following words in the box to the given definitions:

Frequency, plug, amplitude, microwave, phase, intensity, receiver, fade, coherent, transmission.

1. the distance between the waves.

2. Power per unit solid angle.

3. the number of waves that pass any point per second.

4. gradually disappear.

5. easy to understand and reasonable.

6. a small object at the end of a wire that is used for connecting electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity.

7. a very short electric wave.

8. a device that detects an optical signal and connects it into an electric form usable by other devices.

9. the process of sending electronic signals, messages etc.

10. the position of a wave in its oscillation cycle.

11.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №12

Radio

Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space. Information is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves pass an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. This can be detected and transformed into sound or other signals that carry information

We are living in an age of Scientific wonders. One of these wonders is broadcasting. The meaning of the word is to send the news to people everywhere. But in modern times the term has come to mean to relay programs by wireless to the owners of radio sets.

Now every country has its own radio-station from where all sorts of programs are broadcast to the nation and to the world at large. Radio systems used for communications will have the following elements. With more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialized for different communications purposes. Out of the many advantages of Radio broadcasting, a few important ones are being given here. First, broadcasting is very useful for educating the people. People can listen to the talk and lectures of the great thinkers sitting in their homes. The whole of mankind can know the views of some great philosopher or leader of any country through his own words. Through special radio programs, classroom lessons of schools and colleges can be supplemented by broadcasting.

Secondly, broadcasting has placed entertainment of all sorts at our service

Thirdly, in this fast changing world every one wants to keep in touch with the changing events. Radio is said to be talking newspaper. We need not read the newspaper and exert our eyes. Lying down in our easy chair or bed, we may listen to the important news from the farthest corner of the world.

Broadcasting is a powerful medium of propaganda. The public can be educated in civic sense, health rules and other rules of public conduct. Many social evils may be removed by broadcasting interesting features in connection with these evils. In war time also the radio helps the warring nations to keep up the morale of the people

Today, radio takes many forms, including wireless networks and mobile communications of all types, as well as radio broadcasting. Before the advent of television, commercial radio broadcasts included not only news and music, but dramas, comedies, variety shows, and many other forms of entertainment. Radio was unique among methods of dramatic presentation in that it used only sound

But now the Radio is facing stiff competition from the T.V. There is a net-work of T.V. receivers all over the country. T.V. programmers can now be viewed in every corner of the country.

Do the following tasks:

12.1. Translate the text in written form paying attention to the use of Modal verbs.

12.2. Match the words in the box with the given definitions below.

Radio, signal, amplitude, radiation , broadcast, wire, wave, wireless, conductor, oscillate

1. the distance between the middle and the top or a bottom of a wave such as a sound wave.

2. to send out radio, or television programmers.

3. a form of energy that comes especially from nuclear reactions.

4. a piece of electronic equipment which you use to listen.

5. a thin metal in the form of a thread, which is used for carrying electrical currents or signals.

6. the form in which some types of energy such as light and sound travel.

7. to make a sound or action in order to give information or to tell someone to do something.

8. to move backwards and forwards in a regular way.

9. Transmitted without wire, in practice using radio waves microwaves, or light through the air.

10. that allows electricity or heat to travel along it.

12.3. Write four forms of the following verbs:

Передавать, значить, соединять, понимать, писать, думать, покупать, держать, знать, иметь, брать, показывать, находить, уменьшать, приходить.

12.4. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

a) Broadcasting is a powerful medium of propaganda.

b) People can listen to the talk and lectures of the great thinkers sitting in their homes.

c) We are living in an age of scientific wonders.

12.5. Form adverbs from the following adjectives:

Systematic, electrical, alternative, special, first, powerful, dramatic, gradual, slow, wide, obvious, easy, second, usual, previous, real, individual, especial, historic.

12.6. Give the infinitives of the following verbs:

Broadcasting, takes included, facing, carried, used, lying, viewed, kept, sitting, implemented, oscillating, comes, developed, sending, living.

12.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text 13

Loose-tube cable

The simplest loose-tube design contains a single plastic-coated fiber in a long tube, with inner diameter much larger than the fiber diameter. The fiber is installed in a loose helix, so it can move freely inside the tube. This design protects the fiber from stresses applied to the cable structure during installation or service, including the effects of changing temperature, which could cause bending loss or damage the fiber.

There are several variations on the loose-tube approach. Multiple fibers can run through the same tube, either individually or assembled into one or more ribbons. Individual fibers usually are color-coded. The tube does not have to be a physically distinct cylinder running the length of the cable. Alternatives include running grooves along the length of a solid cylinder encased in a larger tube, and pressing corrugated structures together and running fibers through the interstices. The end result is the same; the fiber is isolated from stresses applied to the surrounding cable structure.

Alternatively, fibers can be blown into a previously installed hollow tube that guides them along the cable route. When the fibers are in place, the unit functions as a loose-tube cable.

Moisture-blocking gels can be messy, but they are widely used in outdoor loose-tube [cables. Some older cables had similar gels or "grease" around the outside of each tube, filling the interstices of the cable. Cleaning was time-consuming and messy, so dry water-blocking materials are now used between tubes.

Loose-tube cables are preferred for outdoor environments where the cable may be stressed or exposed to moisture. They can be installed from poles, in ducts, or by direct burial. A single tube can contain many fibers, allowing high fiber densities in compact cables. The cables can also be made of flame-retardant materials to meet codes for indoor use, particularly where high fiber counts are needed.

Do the following tasks:

13.1. Translate the text in written form. Be attentive to the use of Modal verbs:

13.2. Make up word combinations with following words given below:

1) The length of	a) grooves
2) coated	b) blocking materials
3) a loose	c) blocking gels
4) multiple	d) structure
5) running	e) fibers
6) cable	f) retardant materials
7) moisture	g) fiber
8) dry water	h) burial
9) direct	i) a solid cylinder
10) flame	j) helix

13.3. Match the words in the box with the given definitions below:

Loose tube, cable, fiber optics, helix, gels, hollow, density, cylinder, grooves, interstices.

1. a protective tube loosely surrounding a cabled fiber, often filled with gel.

2. a line that covers and rises around a central line

3. a thick wet substance or liquid that becomes firmer or thicker

4. a thin thread that form natural materials

5. the relationship between the mass of something and its size.

6. having an empty space inside.

7. the process of using very thin threads of glass or plastic to carry information in the form of light.

8. a small space or crack in something or between things.

9. a shape or container with circular ends.

10. a thin line cut into a hard surface.

13.4. Connect two halves of the following sentences:

1) Loose –tube cables

2) The design protects

3) Fibers can be blown

4) The cables

a) can also be made of flame-retardant materials.

b) into a previously installed hollow tube that guides them along the cable route.

c) the fiber from stresses applied to the cable structure during installations.

d) are filled with gels for outdoor use.

13.5. Form nouns from the following verbs:

Contain, install, protect, apply, isolate, use, consume. expose, corrugate, assemble, design, compare, run, consume, protect, direct, place, create, divide, conduct.

13.6. Give the antonyms to the following words:

Long, wide, solid, dry, large, outdoor, modern, direct, same, high, advantage, old, clean, hollow, similar, individual, create, easy, pure, loose, receive, separate, simple.

13.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Text №14

Internet

The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. This research and a period of civilian funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation spawned worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and led to the commercialization of an international network in the mid 1990s, and resulted in the following popularization of countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life.

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail

The Internet is like a network of networks where any computer can link up to information stored within it. It is accessed by a telecommunications line and a modulator-demodulator (MODEM). It is brought to your computer screen by converting analogue telephone signals into digital computer signals. There are many advantages and disadvantages on the Internet.

The main advantage of the Internet is that communication is made very easy. Two people on opposite sides of the world may communicate with each other via such things as videoconferences. This would save money on flights to other countries just to have a meeting when they can each communicate from their own office.

The Internet is a very good place to advertise companies. Businesses can build their own websites and buy their own memorable .com domains. This can be where they explain their company and the services they offer. Some can even offer home delivery directly from the Internet with things such as home shopping. This makes life very easy for disabled people or people with busy lives who have no time to go shopping.

Other services the Internet has to offer are things such as Online Banking. This is often quicker and easier for people

Another good point about the Internet is that it provides e-mail. Electronic mail sends an instant message to someone's inbox at the touch of a button. This has its advantages over postal mail in that it is practically free; no stamp is required. Also attachments can be sent, whereas in postal mail, any files would have to be sent with a disk. It can also be sent to multiple recipients, which would save writing out the letter again and again. It also delivers it instantly cutting out the time taken to deliver it.

The Internet does hold a lot of information but some of it should not really be for public view. There is a site called 192.com where anybody can be searched for and find their full name, address and telephone number, even with clear directions to their house.

The Internet can provide entertainment to the user with interesting sites or online games. There are endless things to do online. You can also "chat" with other users and it can be a place to meet new people.

Do the following tasks:

14.1. Translate the text in written form. Pay attention to the use of Non-finite forms of the verbs.

14.2. Match the two halves of the following sentences:

1) The internet

2) The main advantage

3) Electronic mail

4) One of the good point

a) of the Internet is that communication is made very easy.

b) a global system of interconnected computer networks.

c) about the Internet is that it provides e-mail.

d) sends an instant message to someone’s inbox at the touch of a button.

14.3. Make up 10 sentences of your own with the terms used in the text.

14.4. Unscramble the letters and match the words in the box to their definitions:

Otbutn, nkewotr, agesmes, tewbise, neitrten, tnfimrotnia, atch, neboackb yemsts, syesm, ceuqynerf.

1. a computer system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information.

2. facts or details that can tell you about situations or events.

3. a small part of area of a machine that you press to make it to do something.

4. a spoken or written piece of information that you send to another person or leave for them.

5. a system of cables or other connections that links many terminals or devices.

6. a piece of internet where you can find information.

7. an informal friendly conversation.

8. drty or untidy.

9. a number of times an electromagnetic wave oscillates in a second or the number of wave peaks that pass a point in a second: measured in hertz.

10. a transmission network that carries high-speed telecommunications between regions.

14.5. Define what parts of speech these words are:

Private, scope, broad, hypertext, easy, shopping, button, entertainment, really, user, directly, delivery, array, digital, meeting, memorable, disadvantage, instantly, endless, own, virtually, application, countless.

14.6. Write singular forms of these nouns:

agencies, technologies, information, sites, companies, users, videoconferences, resources, stresses, millions, cities, frequencies, switches, series, countries inboxes.

14.7. Write down a short summary of the text.

Список литературы

1. Jeff Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics. Fifth Edition. 2006. Pearson Prentice Hall.

2. Longman. Dictionary of Contemporary English. New Edition.

3. Oxford Russian Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Third Edition.

4. www.wikipedia.com

Содержание

1	A Very Short History of the Telecommunications Business	1
2	Energy	3
3	The Telephone Network	5
4	Electric Power Generation	7
5	Optical Filters and WDM	9
6	Transmitter Performance	11
7	Switches and Routers	13
8	Submarine Cables	15
9	What Is Glass?	18
10	Nonlinear Effects	20
11	Coherent Transmission	22
12	Radio	24
13	Loose-tube cable	26
14	Internet	28
15	Список использованной литературы	31
16	Содержание	32