АЛМАТИНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ

 Кафедра иностранных языков

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ

УМЕНИЯ ГОВОРЕНИЯ

Методические указания для студентов

1 курса  специальности 050704 -  Вычислительная техника и

программное обеспечение

Алматы 2007

 

СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ: Ж.К. Байгаскина. Английский язык. Лексические задания для развития умения говорения. Методические указания для студентов 1 курса  специальности 050704 -  Вычислительная техника и программное обеспечение. – Алматы: АИЭС, 2007 – 32 с.

 

Методические указания предназначены для развития умения говорения на английском языке. Упражнения методических указаний позволяют проводить беседы на темы по вычислительной технике и программном обеспечении. Методические указания рассчитаны для студентов первого курса.

What is computing

 

1. Suppose you sit down with pencil and paper and centre your attention on adding a set of figures. You add first all the digits in the right-hand column, then all the digits in the next column, and so on—until you finally arrive at the answer. When you do this, you are computing.

2. When you stop at a street corner, looking first to the left for any coming car, then to the right, to cross the street or to wait on the sidewalk - you are computing.

3. When you are walking along a poorly marked path in the woods, thinking if you are really on the path or have lost it—you are computing.

4. When you are taking in information or data, perform­ing reasonable operations (mathematical or logical opera­tions) on the data, and are producing one or more answers— you are computing.

5. A machine can also do this. It can take in information or data, perform a sequence of reasonable operations on the information which it has received, and put out answers. When it does this, it is computing.

6. A very simple example of a computer is the ordinary business adding machine which prints on paper tape the num­ber entered into its keyboard, and also prints a total when you press the total key. A complex example of a computer is a modern automatic digital computer which in each second can perform more than 100,000,000,000 additions, subtrac­tions, multiplication, or divisions.

7. A computing machine can take in and store informa­tion because the hardware inside the machine expresses arith­metical and logical relations, such as  adding or subtract­ing, comparing or selecting. A computer can also put out information, display the answers when it receives them. Hardware is useless without software which is computer instructions and programs.

8. The modern computers are of three kinds called analog, digital, and hybrid. An analog computer computes by using physical analogs of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using the numbers (digits) and yeses and noes expressed usually in 1’s and O’s. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of dig­ital and analog computers.

 Notes

until you finally arrive at the answer — до тех пор, пока вы наконец не получите ответ

to cross the street or to wait on the sidewalk – чтобы перейти улицу или подождать на тротуаре

a poorly marked path — едва заметная тропинка

if you are really on the path or have lost it — действительно ли вы находитесь на тропинке или заблудились

 yeses and noes expressed usually in L’s and O's — да и нет, выраженных обычно единицами и нулями

 Exercises

1 Give the Russian equivalents:

to centre attention on; to the right; to the left; a set of figures; and so on; a sequence of reasonable operations; to put out answers; to take in information; to store informa­tion; such as; to express mathematical and logical relations; hardware is useless without software; by using physical analogs; numerical measurements.

 2 Give the  English equivalents:

налево; направо; выдавать информацию или данные; последовательность разумных операций; правый столбик; ряд цифр; и так далее; сосредоточивать внимание.

 3 Translate the words of the same root. Define speech parts

to centre — a centre; to add — addition; to compute — a computer — computation; to mark — a mark; to inform — information; datum — data (mind! a date); to perform — performance; reasonable — a reason; to operate — operation; business — busy; to subtract — subtraction; to multiply — multiplication; to divide — division; logic — logical; arithme­tic — arithmetical; measurement — to measure; relation — to relate.

 4 Memorize the following definitions:

1. A machine which performs a sequence of reasonable operations on information is a computer. 2. An analog computer is a machine which computes by using physical analogs of numerical measurements. 3. A digital computer is a ma­chine which computes by using digits or numbers. 4. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some properties of digital and analog computers.

 5 Answer the following questions

1. How many operations does a modern computer perform? 2. What kinds of operations does an automatic digital com­puter perform? 3. What is a computer? 4. What is a very simple example of a computer? 5. Why does a computer take in and store information or data? 6. What kinds of modern computers do you know? 7. How does an analog computer compute? 8. How does a digital computer com­pute? 9. What is a hybrid computer? 10. What is hardware? 11. What is software?

 6 Choose the 3rd form of the given verbs

took, takes, take, taken; thought, think, thinks; arrive, arrives, arrived; did, done, do, does; speaks, speak, spoke, spoken; saw, seen, see, sees; was, were, is, am, be, been, are; writes, wrote, written; has, had, have; expresses, expressed, express; receive, received, receives.

 7 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Tenses in the Active Voice

1. My friend studies at the department of Electrical En­gineering. I study at the same department. We do research. Comrade Ivanov also does his research. We discussed various problems at the seminar. They did many operations on the computer ES-1045. Yesterday we went to the Institute library. I answered all the questions at the exam in mathematics. We shall solve this algebraic problem. They will do their work in time. I shall compare my results with yours. 2. When you came he was calculating his problem. She was discussing some questions with her instructor. I shall be waiting for you at 6 o’clock. 3. He has given a short answer to my question. I have just come from Leningrad. They have already gone home. They had written the program for the computer by June.

 8 Fill in the blanks with the following verbs in the Present In­definite Active

to express; to compute; to receive; to perform; to store; to calculate; to put out; to take in; to do; to display

 I. A computer ...or ... .2. Modern automatic digital computers ... more than 100 min. additions, subtractions, multiplications, or divisions in each second. 3. A computer ... information or data, ... a sequence of reasonable op­erations on information and ... answers. 4. The hardware inside the computer ... arithmetical or logical relations such as adding or subtracting, comparing or selecting. 5. When computers ... results, they ... them.

 9 Give the proper tense of  the verbs given in brackets

I. An ordinary business adding machine (to be) a very simple example of a computer. 2. When a computer (to do) reasonable operations, it (to compute) or (to calculate). 3. When I (to come) into the room my friend (to compile — cocтавлять) a program. 4. A computer (to store) information which it (to receive). 5. ... (to come) to the laboratory, I ... (to show) you how to calculate by using a computer. 6. The electronic computer ES-1045 just (to perform) its calculations.

 10 Listen to the dialogue from the magnetic tape and reproduce it.

Notes

Haven’t seen you for ages! — Не видел тебя целую вечность!

to enter the Institute — поступать в институт

Good for you! — Молодец!

the Electrical Engineering Department — зд. электромеханический факультет

Automated Management Systems — автоматизированные системы управления

Applied Mathematics — прикладная математика

one should know — нужно знать

You’re (are) right — Ты прав

With pleasure — С удовольствием

to be called — называется

too — также, тоже

In what capacity will you work? — Кем ты будешь работать?

to graduate from  the  Institute —окончить институт

a system-engineer — инженер - системотехник

an engineer-mathematician — инженер - математик

I am sorry  — Прости

to hurry —  спешить, торопиться

I’m (am) afraid to be late — Боюсь опоздать

So long! — Пока!

Wish you luck — Желаю тебе удачи

 Situation dialogues

Both graduate and undergraduate students work in the laboratories of an Institute to supplement their theoretical knowledge with practical training.

 Have a talk with someone. Make up dialogues using modifications.

 Dialogues                                             Modifications

 1 I’d like to get lab experience 

A: I’d like to work in one of the laboratories of our  Institute. I think I ought to get more practical experience. B: Would you like to work in the robot-laboratory?	B: Laboratory of  semiconductors, miniaturized electronic equipment, electron devices, solid-state physics; computer science laboratory, chemical engineering laboratory
A: Yes, I certainly should. It’s a field that interests me very much.

 What laboratory would you like to work in?

 2 They are installing new equipment

A: Could you help me to install a transformer? B: I wish I could. I’m busy at the moment. A: What are you doing? B: I’m fixing a computer.

B: adjusting an amplifier, mounting a generator, assembling                              a new device; repairing a meter.

 Can you repair a meter?

3 I wish I could invent something 

A: I wish I had more imagination.	A: time; knowledge, skill
B: What would you do if you had? A: I’d invent a robot-gardener.	A: a robot-housewife; a robot-                                                                  librarian; a robot-doctor; a robot-                                                                      nurse

 What kind of robot would you like to invent?

 Role of automation in technology

What is the role of the computer in automation?

Automation plays an important part in the great advances in technology. Automation, properly coordinated with other phases of technology, can substantially contribute to high productive efficiency. In our country, mechanization of production operations and their automation is one of the most important problems and what is being done in this sphere at present greatly exceeds what has been done in the past.

Advanced automation is impossible without computers. Computer science is an exciting field of study and research. It is a broad discipline, covering logic design, hardware, the theory of computation, numerical analysis, programming and computer application.

There are different kinds of computers. Some do only one job over again. These are special-purpose computers. One such computer automatically controls the movements of anti-aircraft cannon. It was built for this purpose alone, and cannot do anything else. But there are some computers that can do many different jobs. They are called general-purpose computers. These are the “big brains” that solve the most difficult problems of science.  They answer questions about rockets and planes, bridges and ships long before these things are even built.

Today there are computers small enough to carry in one’s pocket or about the size of a typewriter. These computers are called personal computers. Computers help our space programs, our armed forces, our business and industry, sports and medicine. Computers are the most efficient servants man has ever had and there is no limit for their application in improving our lives and saving time for leisure (rest and recreation).

Computers are capable of doing extremely complicated work I all branches of learning. They can solve the most complicated mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order. As computers work accurately and at high speeds, they save research workers years of hard work. This whole process, by which machines can be used  to work for us, is called automation.  Automation will have important social consequences.  

 1 After reading the text, answer the questions at the beginning

2 Give a short summary of the text. You may use your notes and the plan written at home

 Information, machine words, instructions, addresses and reasonable operations

1. Information is a set of marks or signs that have mean­ing. These consist of letters or numbers, digits or characters, typewriter signs, other kinds of signs, and so on. A computer reacts differently to different digits or characters, and reacts to them as units that have meaning. For example, informa­tion for an analog computer has to be in the form of dis­tances, or rotations, or voltages, or other physical variables. And for a digital computer information has to be in the form of digits or numbers.

2. Any information may be represented by the binary system including two digits: one (1) and zero (0). Each 1 and 0 is a separate binary digit called a bit. A bit is the smallest part of information. Bits are typically grouped in units that are called bytes. A byte is the basic unit of information used in modern computers and consists of eight bits.

3. The bytes are handled usually in standard groups called machine words or just words. There are two basic types of information or words that can be put into a memory cell or location: words that are numerical quantities and words that are computer instructions.  Regularly, an instruction to the machine is expressed as a word; and so the same set of characters may have meaning sometimes as a number, sometimes as an instruction. A speed of 96,000 characters per second is the same as a speed of 8,000 words per second. Most human beings could not take even 12-digit number per second.

4. Physically the set of bits is a set of arrangements of some physical equipment. One of the ways of storing information in a computer is storing by using a set of small mag­netically polarized spots on a magnetic surface.

5. The computer is told what operations to perform by means of instructions. An instruction is a command to thee computer. It consists of a verb (an operational code) and a noun (an operand). For example, if the computer is instruct­ed "Add 365 the number of times stated in the register R”, and if the register R stores the code for number 3, then the computer will perform that operation three times. An instruction word looks like a number, and there is no way to tell from the word itself whether it is a quantity or an instruction. The computer must be told exactly which address contains an instruction and which contain a quantity.

6. An address is the name of particular memory location or cell. Each memory location (word or byte) has its own unique address or number just like a post office box. For example, if the computer contains 100 memory cells, their respective addresses might be the numbers from 1 to 100 (for 0 through 99). And instead of saying, “A word is in a memory cell”, the computer personnel say, “The contents of an address is a word”.

7. Reasonable operations are mathematical and logical. Mathematical operations include arithmetic and algebraic operations. Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, taking a square root, etc.; and algebraic operations are called raising to a power as well as differentiating and integrating.

8. Logical operations include comparing, selecting, sort­ing, matching, etc. These are operations which may be per­formed either on numbers, or on expressions consisted of letters such as ordinary words. A very important logical operation performed by a computer is determining, i.e., which of two operations is to be performed next.

 Notes

numerical quantities — численные значения (величины)

Most human beings could not take even 12-digit number per second — Большинство людей не смогли бы воспринять даже 12-значное число в секунду

just like a post office box — точно также как почтовый ящик

their respective addresses might be the numbers — их соответственные адреса могли бы быть числами

Exercises

1 Find the equivalents

numerical measurements	физическое оборудование
by using physical analogs	скорость в секунду
the binary system	численные величины
any information	численные измерения
other physical variables	двоичная система
numerical quantities	любая информация
a speed per second	один из способов
physical equipment	особая ячейка памяти
one of the ways	используя физические аналоги
a particular memory cell	другие физические переменные

 2 Arrange (a) synonyms and (b) antonyms In pairs and translate them:

a) to perform; to compute; to take in; a figure; to arrange; to show; to carry out; a digit; to calculate; little; to display; small; to receive; to position; instruction; data; location; command; information; cell;

b) inside; to the right; addition; multiplication; simple; to the left; division; outside; small; complex; big; subtrac­tion; differentiating; at the right; integrating; at the left; the right-hand column; the left-hand column:

 

3 Form nouns from the verbs by adding suffixes

ment

Model: to equip—equipment

to arrange, to require, to measure, to state, to develop

-sion

Model: to divide—division

to decide, to include, to conclude, to exclude

-ion

Model: to direct—direction

to subtract, to select, to react, to construct, to act

- ation

Mode 1: to compute — computation

to inform, to combine, to determine, to represent, to dif­ferentiate, to integrate, to polarize

 4 Complete the following sentences

1. Information is a set of marks or signs that  .... 2. Reasonable operations are   .... 3. Logical operations in clude  .... 4. A very important logical operation is  ... 5. Physically the set of bits is a set of arrangements of some .... 6. Determining means which of two operations is to be performed  .... 7. The computer must be told exactly which address contains ... and which contains ... .8. The computer is told what operations to perform by means of .... 9. Any information may be represented by the binary system including two digits:  ... and.... 10. A bit is the smallest part of....

 5 Memorize the following definitions

1. Information is a set of marks or signs that have meaning. 2. Reasonable operations are mathematical and logical operations. 3. Mathematical operations include arithmetic and algebraic operations. 4. The smallest unit of infor­mation for a computer is called a byte. A byte consists of eight bits. 5. The word "bit" is formed from the letter "b" in the word "binary" and two letters "it" in the word "digit".

 6 Answer the following questions

1. What is information? 2. What does a set of marks con­sist of? 3. What is one of the ways of storing information in a computer? 4. What is a byte? 5. What is a bit? 6. How many bits does a byte usually contain? 7. What is an instruction? 8. By means of what is the computer told what operations to perform? 9. What are machine words? 10. What does a machine word consist of? 11. What are addresses? 12. What are reasonable operations? 13. What do mathematical op­erations include? 14. What do logical operations include? 15. In what system is information represented for the modern electronic computer? 16. What are the two basic types of words that are put into a memory?

 7 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type

a) 1. What kind of computer was it?—It was a digital computer. 2. The computer can perform different kinds of operations. 3. This kind of logical problem is very simple. 4, Will you kindly explain to us the operation of this kind of machine? 5. Be so kind, show us the new equipment.

b) 1. As you already know logical relations in a computer are expressed by hardware. 2. As the ordinary business add­ing machine has the special equipment inside it, it can store information. 3. An electronic computer can add, subtract, multiply, and divide as well. 4. Natural sciences include mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, geology, bi­ology, bionics, as well as the engineering sciences and other fields of knowledge. 5. As our professor was speaking of the history of computers, he mentioned P. L. Chebyshev and his great inventions. 6. My friend works at a plant as an engineer.

c) 1. Progressive people everywhere in the world must fight for peace. 2. Yesterday we heard an interesting lecture on modern electronics, which was arranged for the students.

3. He asked me for a book on microcomputers’ organization.

4. The first computing machines were not reliable, for there were no good electrical units. 5. The instruc­tions are placed inside the computer, for the computer itself can select the numbers instructions.

 8 Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicates in the Passive Voice

1. These digits are easily multiplied. 2. I was asked many questions about my work. 3. They were explained how to solve this problem on a computer. 4.The sequence  of reasonable operations has been performed by the computer.  5. The new department of mathematics has just been opened. 6. Many books on computers' organization and architecture had been translated from Russian into English by the end of last year. 7. The experiments on the new microcomputer were being carried out during the whole month. 8. All the digits are recorded on the paper tape when addition is performed. 9. The new key adding machine was transferred into the next room yesterday. 10. The sequence of reasonable operations is now being carried out by this microcomputer. 11. The conference was addressed  by well known scientist. 12. The invention of computers was spoken of at the last lecture. 13. Modern personal computers are always looked at with interest. 14 Many new branches of industry have been developed in our country since World War II.

 9 Fill in the blanks with the verbs given below. Use them in the Passive Voice

to express; to carry out; to invent; to record; to polarize to tell; to store; to represent; to require; to construct

 1. All the digits inside the hardware ... by the arranging of the special equipment. 2. Complex calculations ... with the help of a computer. 3. A special counter wheel for an arithmometer ... by a Russian engineer V.T Ordner in 1874. 4. The answers of computations ... often in the form of tables. 5. Small spots on a surface inside a computer ... magnetically. 6. By means of instruction any com puter ... what operations to perform. 7. All instructions ...  in registers, the units of hardware. 8. Any information, by the binary system. 9. Numbers or instructions… for solving a problem by a computer. 10. Several computing units ... by M. V. Lomonosov for computational science.

 10 Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs and the equivalents.

1. Information or data can be stored in the computer's memory or storage. 2. An analog computer is able to calculate late by using physical analogs of numerical measurements. 3. The first automatic computers could operate at the low speed. 4. Your paper may be published at our Institute. 5. My friend was happy when at last he might work at the computing center. 6. Our students are allowed to visit the computing center to see the operation of the computer ES-1045. 7. Every student must know that a digital computer performs reasonable operations. 8. Some operations for this computer have to be changed and new instructions have to be added. 9. The instructions are recorded in the order in which they are to be carried out. 10. You should know the difference between the digital and analog computers. 11. We ought to help him to solve this problem by a personal com­puter. 12. According to the timetable you are to begin your classes at 8 o'clock. 13. Every student of our specialty has to know what a hybrid computer is. 14. We were permitted to attend the conference on cybernetics.

 11 Find the sentences in which the verbs 'to have' and to before translated as «должен»

1. This ordinary adding machine has ten keys for each column of digits. 2. The main task of this article was to show the results of research work. 3. This personal comput­er has been constructed at our lab. 4. The lecture was to begin at 9 o’clock. 5. Our aim is to study hard and master our specialty. 6. Our lab assistant has to construct this electronic device. 7. The general purpose of this unit (block) is to perform different arithmetic operations. 8. The participants of the scientific conference are to arrive tomorrow. 9. You have to remember the names of the scientists who have contributed to the development of your specialty. 10. The results of the experiment have carefully been checked up today.

 12 Translate the following sentences paying attention to ‘there  to be’

1. There are many universities and institutes in our country. 2. There is students' scientific and technical so­ciety at our Institute. 3. There are various computers at our computing center. 4. There were only four departments in our_Institute before the World War II. 5. There will be some engineers at the seminar on programming tomorrow. 6. There is a seminar on the History of the CPSU today. 7. There was a lecture on cybernetics yesterday. 8. There were many ways of solving the problem. 9. There are many complex parts and units in every computer. 10. There will be some new labora­tories in our Institute next year.

 Text for discussions

You have already got to know Prof. Greek, the laboratory chief, an expert in robot making. Dr. Strove is his assistant.

We hope you remember Mike and Helen, the students, who are doing their practical training under Prof. Grekov in the laboratory of robot making.

 Study the texts below and find answers to the questions put before each of them.

 We can’t do without electronic computers

In modern research

//What is the final stage of an experiment?

HELEN: Hello, Mike! I haven’t seen you for ages!

MIKE: You know, Helen, I’ve been very busy this week! We have examined and analyzed the results, and now we are processing the data.

HELEN: Who are “we”? You – too?

MIKE: Naturally! And you know I’ve come to realize that computers are the most suitable and reliable machines for making calculations.

HELEN: How clever of you!

MIKE: All great discoveries in science have been the result of accurate measurements and calculations.

HELEN: Thank you for the interesting information and good-bye!

MIKE: Say, Helen, what about going to a discotheque tomorrow?

HELEN: But you’re very busy this week!

MIKE: But tomorrow is Saturday!

 Practice with someone asking and answering:

1. Why is Mike so busy at present? 2. Do they use computers in processing the data? 3. Why is Mike so enthusiastic about computers?

It’s necessary to combine work and leisure

//Which is the best way to recreate spent energy?

DR. GREKOV: Now that your experiment is over, what are you going to do next?

DR. STAROV: I’m planning to make a report on the results of our work at a scientific conference, my colleagues, junior research workers Nick Kedrov and Fred Platov are going to write an article for Computer Science journal, and we intend to start on some new research.

DR. GREKOV: But first of all, I suppose, you need change and a good rest. You’ve been working very hard.

DR. STAROV: I know you want to say that a scientist must be able to relax and recreate (=restore) his spent energy, but I never know how to rest.

DR. DREKOV: The best forms of relaxation are sports and watching TV.

DR. STAROV: But I prefer reading detective stories.

DR. GREKOV: Well, why not?

 Practice with someone asking and answering:

1. Is Dr. Starov going to make a report or to write an article on the results of the experiment? 2. Are the members of the team planning to have a rest or start new work? 3. Why is it necessary to combine work and leisure?

1. Why is it necessary to experiment? 2. How many stages does any experiment consist of? 3. Is it possible to do an experiment without suitable appliances and devices? 4. Have you performed any experiments? 5. What devices and instruments were necessary for your last experiment? 6. Was the experiment a success? 7. What results were obtained? 8. What does the reliability of experimental results depend on? 9. Are you going to give a talk or to write an article on the results of your investigation? 10. Where can the results of your experiment be used? 11. It is impossible to prove a hypothesis without going an experiment. Is this true?

 1 Read the part of Helen and keep the conversation going by playing the part of Mike, then vice versa.

2 Imagine you are interviewing Dr. Starov. You want to know his opinion about the results of the experiment. Ask him:

а) if the experiment was a success.  в) if  the results are very significant; с) if the  data prove their hypothesis; а) if  the data agree with the prediction; е) if the method is reliable; f) if  the  team are pleased with the results of the experiment.

 3 Pronounce the following words correctly

input	ввод, входное устройство, вход
vary	меняться
according to	согласно
device	устройство, прибор, механизм, элемент
capacity	способность, емкость
provide	обеспечивать, снабжать, давать
auxiliary	вспомогательный, дополнительный
means	средство
communication	связь, сообщение
rate	скорость, степень, норма, коэффициент, частота
control	управлять, контролировать
accept	принимать (информацию)
purpose	цель, намерение, назначение
speed	скорость, быстродействие
north-south	север-юг
consequently	следовательно
vice versa	и наоборот
tremendous	огромный
output	вывод, выходное устройство, выход
release	освобождать
acceptable	приемлемый
ratio	отношение, коэффициент, соотношение
message	сообщение, передаваемый блок информации
advantage	преимущество

 4 Memorize the following word combinations

the means of communication — средство связи

Punched  holes  and  blanks — перфорированные  отверстия и пробелы

a punched card — перфокарта

a punched tape — перфолента

a human being — человек

Data-handling  equipment — оборудование по управлению данными

a high-speed line-printer — высокоскоростное построчно-печатающее устройство

a factor of  advantage — коэффициент преимущество

the peripheral or auxiliary devices — вспомогательные устройства

the proper speed — надлежащая скорость

 Input and output units (i/o units)

1. The part of the computer that takes in information is called the input unit. The input unit or device provides the means of communication between the computer and the people who are interested in its operation.

2. To be accepted by the machine, information for a digital computer has to be in the form of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ... 9 or characters A, B, C, D,  .... . These characters are regularly expressed for the computer's purposes as six or seven 1's and 0's. The 1's and 0's may be expressed for the comput­er: as punched holes (1) and blanks (0) in a card or a paper tape; as presence  (1)  and absence  (0) of electrical pulse; or as polarized spots on a magnetic surface; for example, south-north is 1 and north-south is 0, or vice versa, etc.

3. So, the input unit makes possible communication from the other data-handling equipment and human being to the computer. It is the functional part of the computer that accepts the data to be operated on and programs for operat­ing. It may consist of a keyboard operated tape punch, a paper tape reader, a card reader, and an electric typewriter.

4. The part of a computer that puts out information is called the output unit. The computer can easily put out in­formation in a form acceptable to human beings. For example, the computer may give impulses to an electric typewriter, so that the keys are energized in the proper sequence to type out a message in ordinary typed characters which human beings can read, etc.

5. The output of a computer is known to vary according to the capacity of the auxiliary equipment receiving the in­formation. A computer can record on a magnetic tape at the rate of 1,000,000 characters per second. It can also control: a paper tape punch which will punch a paper tape at the rate of 100 characters per second; or a card punch which will punch per second about 300 standard punch cards of 80 col­umns; or a high-speed line-printer which will punch 20 lines per second, each of 80 to 120 characters. Input and output devices are usually called peripherals.

6. All this peripheral equipment is slow as compared with the computer. Consequently, for efficient use of the computer's tremendous calculating speed,   devices   called puffers may be used. A buffer is known to be a storage device which is able to take in information at a very high-speed from the computer and release the information at the proper speed for the peripheral equipment.

7. A human being is known to write by hand at the rate about 30 words per minute, or to type at the rate of about 30 words per minute, or to talk at the rate of 200 or 250 words per minute. The ratio between a computer speed of sbout 40,000 words per second, and the top output speed of a human being of about 4 words per second, gives a factor of advantage to the computer about 10,000 to 1 at the beginning of the 60 s.  Nowadays this ratio is much more.

 Notes

The input unit makes possible communication from the other data-handling equipment and human being — блок ввода позволяет установить связь от другого оборудования по управлению данными и человеком

Of a keyboard operated tape punch — ленточного перфоратора, работающего от клавишного пульта

 Exercises

1 Find the equivalents

the input of a computer	наличие и отсутствие
an auxiliary equipment	перифорированные отверствия
at the rate of	устройство вывода
a high-speed line-print­er	высокоскоростное построчно-печатающее устройство
for efficient use	коэффициент преимущество
a storage device	со скоростью
a factor of advantage	для эффективного использования
the output unit	вспомогательное оборудование
punched holes	устройство ввода компьютера
presence and absence	запоминающее устройство

 2  Insert prepositions where necessary

1. A computer can record ... magnetic tape ... the rate... 1,000,000 characters ... second. 2. As compared, … . the computer the auxiliary or peripheral equipment is rather slow. 3. A human being can write ... hand ... the rate 30 words ... minute. 4. ... ... The capacity ... the peripheral equipment receiving information the output ... a computer varies very much. 5. A factor ... advantage … the computer compared ... a human being is ... 10,000 ...1.

 3 Complete the following sentences

1. The peripheral equipment is slow as compared with,.. . 2. Devices called buffers may be used for efficient of the computer’s.... 3. A human being is known to type at the rate ... .4. The ratio between a computer speed the output speed of a human being gives a factor of ... .  to computer. 5 The input unit accepts the data ... and pro-grams for ... .

 4 Memorize the following definitions

1. Input unit is a section of the computer which accepts information from outside the computer. 2. Output is device or devices, which put out information of the computer. 3. Buffers are storage devices accepting information at a very high speed from the computer and releasing information at he proper speed for the peripheral equipment.

 5 Answer the following questions

1. What is the general purpose of the input unit? 2. How may the 1's and 0's be expressed for the computer? 3. What is the general purpose of the output unit? 4. What does the peripheral equipment consist of? 5. What is the general purpose of a buffer? 6. What is the ratio between a computer's speed and the top output speed of a human being? 7. How are input and output devices usually called?

 6 Form adverbs from adjectives by adding the suffix ‘-!y’

easy;   reasonable;   usual;   special;   physical;   functional; real; regular;  magnetical; different; logical;  mathematical; subsequent;  consequent

 7 Form nouns from verbs by adding the suffixes ‘-er’,   ‘-or’

to work; to invent; to compose; to calculate; to operate; :o act; to react; to receive; to transmit; to select; to use; to combine

 8 Arrange (a) synonyms and (b) antonyms in pairs and translate hem:

a) Speed; peripheral; to control; to write; auxiliary; to do; o receive; rate; to record; to get; to make; to handle; device; unit; instruction; part; to accept; command; section; information; data; to take in;

b) To add; presence; hole; input; north; decimal; to mule; to divide; binary;  south;   output;   blank;   absence; o subtract.

 9 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive

1. The assistant came to instruct students how to handle instructions. 2. The assistant came to be instructed by the releaser. 3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems. 4. To perform reasonable operations a must have a way of accepting data. 5. To add and to subtract   means   to  perform   mathematical   operation' 6. P.L. Chebyshev,   a Russian scientist,   was the first construct an arithmometer. 7. The input unit to be described here is a new device. 8. Punched holes in a card or a paper tape are used to represent 1's and 0's. 9. To carry out instruction, the computer must accept the data in the form of punched holes and blanks. 10. In order to program ir good way, the programmer needs detailed data about program and the way it is to be done.

 10 State the functions of the Infinitive and translate the tenses:

a) 1. To do the program the programmer must have a good understanding of the problem for the computer. 2. To the program for a computer is the main duty of a program mer. 3. The programmer must do a program to give accrual instructions to the computer. 4.  Electric typewriters aj very slow and are used only by operators to communication with a computer. 5. To make possible communication frc a human being and a computer is the main purpose of input unit;

b) 1. The experiments to be carried out will be very ii portent. 2. M. V. Lomonosov was the first to receive tj higher education among peasants in Russia. 3. Informal to be computed is stored usually in registers—units of hardware. 4. The machine to operate with the keys is named an ordinary adding machine. 5. A sequence of  reasonable operations to be performed will be done by computer  «M-220. 6. The programmer to do the program for a computer must have a good knowledge of mathematics.

 11 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective if finitude Construction

1. The input and output units are known to be the parts of a computer. 2. The human being seems not to be able add or to multiply without using auxiliary devices such pencil and paper. 3. Historically, linear programming proved to be especially effective in analyzing industrial processes. 4. This type of the output unit is said to use punched paper tape. 5. Devices for accepting information are said to have been described in some magazines. 6. Automate Management Systems are known to have appeared qui recently. 7. Our programmers are known to be studying theory of programming. 8. In ancient times the sun was thought to be revolving round the Earl 9. Y. A. Gagarin is known to be the first cosmonaut who made an orbital flight around the Earth. 10. The French mathematician Pascal is known to construct the first mechanical computer.

 12 Translate the following sentences with the emphatic construc­tion ‘t is (was) . . . that (who, which, when) . . .’

1. It is electrical engineering that deals with all kinds of electrical instruments and devices. 2. It vas the invention of the computer that revolutionized the thinking process, 3. It was in 1944 when the first automatic computer appeared and began to operate. 4. It is an input mit that accepts information from outside the computer. 5. It was B. Pascal who invented the first mechanical com­puter. 6. It is the Soviet Union which launched the first lan into the outer space. 7. It is in industrial technology scientific development that electronic devices contributed greatly. 8. It was Norbert Wiener who was considered to be the father of cybernetics.

 13 Find the equivalents to the following Russian sentence

Именно П.Л. Чебышев в России в 1882 году изобрел первый арифмометр, выполняющий автоматически умножение и деление.

 1. It was in 1882 when P. L. Chebyshev invented the first arithmometer performing automatically multiplication and iivision. 2. It was in Russia where P. L. Chebyshev invented the first arithmometer performing automatically multipli­cation and division. 3. It was P. L. Chebyshev who invented In Russia in 1882 the first arithmometer performing automat­ically multiplication and division. 4. It was the first arith-tiometer performing automatically multiplication and di-/ision that was invented in Russia by P. L. Chebyshev. 

achievement	достижение
layer	слой
microcomputer	микрокомпьютер
primary	первичный, первоначальный
permanent	постоянный
programmable	программируемый
erasable	стираемый
firmware	программно-аппартное обеспечение, встроенное в компьютер фирмой

 14 Memorize the following word combinations

During the course of a computation — во время вычисления

An access time — время обращения (к памяти)

a floppy disk — гибкий диск

a series of concentric circles — ряд концентрических окружности

a read/write head — считывающая – записывающая головка

Internal  (main)  memory — оперативная память (ОЗУ)

a film memory device — ЗУ на тонких пленках

General-purpose   registers — регистры общего назначения

Floating-point   registers — регистры с плавающей точкой

Control registers — регистры управления

Either ... or ... — или ..., или; либо..., либо

Both ;.. and ... — как ..., так и ..,; и ..., и

In the latter — в последнем (из двух упомянутых)

By spraying layers — путем напыления слоев

 Memory or storage unit

1. The part of a digital computer which stores information is called storage or memory. The computer’s memory stores the numbers to be operated on; it stores intermediate results that are generated during the course of a computation; and it stores the final results. The instructions themeselves are also stored in the computer's memory.

2. There are two important factors about the memory unit: an access time and a capacity. The time required transmit one computer word out of the memory to where will be used is called the memory access time; it usually amounts to a few millionths of a second or less in modern fast computers. The speed of modern computers is the speed of access to their memories. The capacity of a computer is the quantity of data that its memory unit can hold.

3. There are many ways of memorizing information in memory cells of a digital computer. External memory or storage units may use magnetic tapes, magnetic disks and floppy disks. The magnetic drum and magnetic disk are called a Direct Access, or Random Access, Storage Device (DASD).

4.  The magnetic disk is very similar to the magnetic drum but is based upon the use of a flat disk with a series of concentric circles of magnetizable material, one read/write head being for each concentric circle, i.e., for each track. Memory units on magnetic disks may store more than 100,000,000 bytes. The magnetic disk is illustrated in Figure 1.

5. Internal or main memory units were constructed of magnetic cores about 8 hundredths of an inch in diameter, each core storing one ‘yes’ or ‘on’, that is, each core representing one bit of information.

 

6. Information that is stored inside a computer is stored in registers, electronic units of hardware in which the positioning of physical objects stores information. Each register holds one machine word consisting usually of 32 bits or 4 bytes. Registers hold information temporarily during processing. The slower models of registers use magnetic cores; the faster models use special electronic circuits or film memory devices.

7 Usually the registers are of three types:

1. General –Purpose Registers are sixteen registers, each being able to contain one word. These registers are used for storing the integer operands taking part in binary arithmetic operations.

2. Floating-Point Register are four registers, each being able to contain a doubleword. These registers hold operands taking part in arithmetic operations on floatingpoint numbers.

3. Control Registers form a group of registers differing from one model to another.

8. The development of semiconductor integration technology has led to creation of memories on LSI circuits. For constructing memory units on LSI circuits either bipolar or MOS memory are used. The access time of bipolar memory is about 100 nanoseconds, while the access time of MOS memory is 500 nanoseconds. But on the other hand the density of memorizing elements allocation in the latter is very high and amounts to 4 thousand memorizing elements for one chip. The latest achievements of modern electronics is creation of memories on electronic circuits made by spraying layers of different memorizing materials.

9. Nowadays the main memory RAM which is regularly used in microcomputers can accept new instructions or information from a peripheral device. Terms synonymous with the computer's working memory RAM are: core, core storage, main memory, main storage, primary storage, read/write memory. Other memories, such as ROM or PROM, which are used in microcomputers as well, store instructions or information permanently. ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM are all together called firmware which is ‘hard’ software.

Exercises

1 Find the equivalents:

the numbers to be op­erated on	числа с плавающей точкой
a magnetic core	самые последние достижения
an access time	напылением слоев
a computer's memory	во время обработки
intermediate results	крупномасштабная интеграция
Large Scale Integration	магнитный сердечник
during processing	память компьютера
by spraying layers	промежуточные результаты
the latest achievements	время обращения
floating-point  numbers	числа, которые будут обрабатываться

 2  Memorize the following definitions

1. Memory unit is a part of a computer which stores information. 2. The memory access time is the time required to transmit one computer word out of the memory to where it will be used. 3. The capacity of a computer memory is the quantity of data that the memory unit can hold.

 3   Answer  the following questions

1. What is the general purpose of the memory or storage unit? 2. What information is stored in the computer memory? 3. Where is information stored inside the computer? 4. What is the memory access time? 5. What ways of memorizing words in a computer do you know? 6. What has led to creation of memories on LSI circuits? 7. What is the latest achievements of modern electronics? 8. What memories are used in microcomputers?

 4 What do you call a unit which:

a) accepts information from outside a computer? b) memorizes information to be operated on? c) brings information out of  the computer? d) is able to take in information at the very high speed from a computer and then release it at the proper speed for the peripheral equipment?

 5 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

a) 1. Every student must know that reasonable operations are logical and mathematical operations. 2. His experiment is simpler than that of yours. 3. The capabilities of a digital computer are greater than those of an analog computer. 4. It is clear that these diagrams are like those shown in Fig. 4;

b) 1. As science progresses the difference between manmade systems and natural systems may be reduced infinitely. 2. As you know information is a set of marks that have meaning. 3. As new operations can be composed of sub-operations, no new programming is needed. The development of computers as machines for handling information has gone a long way. 5. As is known, program is set of instructions;

c) 1. One of these problems has been solved by a computer. 2. By means of a computer one can easily solve any problem. 3. There is only one solution, the one stated above, when n and m are equal. 4. One should remember all these rules, while solving a problem.

 6 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the form and function of the Participle

1. The input unit consists of some devices using different means. 2. Performing addition the computer must have two numbers to be added. 3. When pressing the keys the operator makes the adding machine operate. 4. The operator pressing the keys makes the adding machine operate. 5. A device invented by the German mathematician Leibnitz could control automatically the amount of adding to be performed by a given digit. 6. Logical operations performed by a computer are comparing, selecting, sorting, and determining. 7. Discussing the advantages of the new memory unit the professor gave the students all the necessary explanations. 8. Having punched holes in a card the operator put it into the computer. 9. When passed through the reading equipment the characters are read in a way similar to a way used for a magnetic tape. 10. The density of memorizing elements in MOS memory is very high.   

 Central processing unit

1. The central processing unit (CPU) or central processor is the nerve centre of any digital computer system, since it coordinates and controls the activities of all the other units and performs all the arithmetic and logic processes to be applied to data. All program instructions to be executed must be held within the CPU, and all the data to be processed must be loaded first into this unit. It is convenient to consider the central processor to have three separate hardware sections: an internal or main memory, an arithmetic and logic unit, and a control unit. The role of the internal memory was discussed more detailed in the previous lesson. Now let us discuss the latter two sections. (All the section of CPU are shown in Figure 3).

2. The CPU has two functions: it must obtain institutions from the memory and interpret them, as well as perform the actual operations. The first function is executed by the control unit. This unit in its turn must perform two functions: it must interpret the instruction; then, on the basis of this interpretation tell the arithmetic and logic unit what to do next. The latter function is accomplished through the use of electronic signals. According to these two functions we can separate the part of the control unit that interprets or decodes the instruction called the instruction decoder from the part that generates the control signals called the control generator.

3. An instruction having been transmitted to the in­struction decoder, where it is interpreted, the control generator senses this interpretation and then produces signals that tell the arithmetic unit which operation to perform. It also generates signals that choose the proper numbers from the memory and sends them to the arithmetic and logic unit at the proper time; and when operation has been performed, other control signals take the result from the arithmetic and logic unit back to the internal memory. After an instruction has been executed, the control generator produces signals that cause the next instruction to go from the memory to the instruction decoder. In this way the instructions are preformed sequentially.

4. The second function of the CPU is performed by the arithmetic and logic unit which does the actual operations. This unit is capable of performing automatically addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparing, selecting, and other mathematical and logical operations. Consider now what happens in the arithmetic and logic unit while an instruction is being executed.  In most computers only one word at a time can be transferred between the arithmetic/logic unit and the memory. Hence, to perform an an operation involving two arguments, the first argument must be transferred from the memory to the arithmetic/logic unit and stored there temporarily while the second argument is being transferred. The special memory cell in the arithmetic/logic unit for this purpose is called the accumulator. The operation being performed, the result is formed in the accumulator before it is transmitted back to memory.

5. Next consider the instruction decoder that interprets instruction. In order that the instruction decoder perform its function, it must constantly refer to the instruction being interpreted during the time control signals are being set up. To facilitate this, while an instruction is being executed it is stored in a special memory cell called the instruction register, located in the instruction decoder.

6. There is another memory cell located in the instruction decoder called the current-address register. The contents of this register are always the memory address from which the instruction being executed came. The reason for this is related to the fact that the address of the present instruction was given as part of the previous instruction.

For the computer designer to understand the work of the CPU is quite necessary.

 Notes

during the time control signals are being set up — во время формирования  сигналов управления

The reason for this is related to the fact —- Причина этого заключения в том

 Exercises

1 Find in (b) the Russian equivalents to the English words word combinations in (a):

a) hence; for example; according to; by means of; i.e.; etc.; always; just; on the other hand; since; any; in its turn; sometimes; the same; while; in this way; instead (of); usually;

b) то есть; например; всегда; только что; с другой стороны; так как; в свою очередь; иногда; тот же самый; любой; следовательно; и так далее; в то время как; таким образом; вместо; согласно; обычно; посредством.

 2 Arrange synonyms in pairs

semiconductor technology; to execute; to write;  to control; memory; to sense; to choose; to form; to feel; storage; to store; to set up; to handle; solid-state technology; to perform; to keep; to select; research; to put in; investigation.

 3 Complete the following sentences:

1. The arithmetic/logic unit is capable of.... 2. The access time is the time required for transmitting one computer…. out of the ... to where it ... .3. The actual computations are executed in a central ... .4. The part of the control that interprets the instruction is called ... .5. The part of the control that generates the control signals is called ... .6. The control signals choose the proper numbers from ... and send them to  ... at the proper time.

 4 Memorize the following definitions:

1. The CPU is the nerve centre of any computer since coordinates and controls the activities of all the other units. 2. The arithmetic/logic unit is that part of the CPU in which the actual computations take place. 3. The control unit is that part of the CPU which obtains instructions from the memory, interprets them and generates the control signals. 1. The instruction decoder is the part of the control unit which interprets or decodes the instruction. 5. The control generator is the part of the control unit, which generates the control signals. 6. The instruction register is the part of the instruction decoder in which the address of current in­struction is stored. 7. The current-address register is the second special memory cell located in the instruction decoder. p. The accumulator is the special memory cell in the arithmetic/logic unit in which the result is formed before it is trans­ferred back to the memory unit.

 5 Answer the following questions:

1. What is the general purpose and function of the CPU? 2. How many parts is the CPU composed of? 3. What is the general purpose of the control? 4. What is the arithmetic/logic unit? 5. What is the instruction decoder? 6. What is the general function of the control generator? 7. What hap­pens in the CPU while an instruction is being executed? 8. What is the accumulator? 9. Where is the accumulator located? 10. Where are the instruction register and the current-address register located?

 6 What do you call a unit which:

a) interprets instructions? b) senses the interpretation of instructions and produces control signals? c) performs mathematical and logical operations? d) chooses the proper numbers from the internal memory and sends them to the arithmetic/logic unit at the proper time? 5) obtains instructions from the main memory, interprets them and accom­plishes the actual operations?

 7 Compare:

a) a memory and a CPU; b) an accumulator and an instruction decoder; c) an arithmetic/logic unit and a control unit.

8 Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to objective infinitive constructions and for-phrases with the Infinitive

1. Our engineers want the complex problems to be solved by computers. 2. In the laboratory we saw the perforator punch holes in the cards of standard size. 3. It is quite necessary for the programmer to understand the work of all units of a computer. 4. We watched the floppy disk begin to operate. 5. The speed of the computer may be found by measuring the time which is required for it to transmit one word out of the memory to where it will be used. 6. We asked the lab assistant to show us the computer SM-2 ореrate. 7. There is a good reason for us to use this kind of the bubble memory in a personal computer. 8. Information has to be in the form of digits or characters for a digital computer to perform reasonable operations.

 9 Define the infinitive constructions and translate the sentences

1. We know B. Pascal to be the first inventor of the mechanical computer. 2. B. Pascal is known to be the first inventor of the mechanical computer. 3. In the middle of the 17th century it was possible for B. Pascal to invent only the mechanical computer. 4. The possibility for the problem to be solved is illustrated by the given formula. 5. Human beings seem to be able to find facts or even logical consequence of facts in their memory according to association 6. The magnetic recording is done on a disk which permits an information to be stored or read at one or several points on it. 7. The students were explained the high-speed memory unit to use the LSI circuits. 8. For results to be obtained an instruction has first been put into a computer.

10 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the informs

1. According to the principles of their work computers are subdivided into three parts: analog, digital, and hybrid 2. When applying mathematical methods to the solving of technical problems engineers are most often interested in obtaining a finite numerical results. 3. Proper relation betweed theory and practice must be observed in training young specialists. 4. Mathematical tables are necessary aids for performing computational work. 5. The students get the practical training when they are working at various plants. 6. When performing the problems in mathematical practice, the students use desk calculators such as arithmometers, key computing machines and slide rules. 7. In modern computers LSI circuits and RAM/ROM memories are used for executing sophisticated  operations. 8. A memory unit is used for storing information. 9. Electronics being used not only in industry but in many other fields of human activity as well, one should have an idea of what it is. 10. The processing of messages can be performed sequentially, i.e. a new task is not given until the current one is completed. 11. Having conducted many experiment scientists proved that electricity had an atomic character. 12. The fast electronic machines, such as microcomputers, are effective for carrying out complicated computations.

 Data base management system (DBMS)

The Data Base Management System is a software pack­age which acts as an interface between the user's program and the physical data base. The DBMS makes it easier to access all varieties of data or information stored in a com­puter. It allows users to request data from the computer, and keeps track of all the data. It also allows each user to have an individual view of the data.

If a DBMS is not used, it requires more detailed program­ming to access data. The user's application program asks the DBMS to select that user's view and deliver it to the program or user. Only the DBMS knows where and how to get it.

The DBMS acts as a buffer between the programs and the physical structure of the data base. A portion of the DMBS resides in the memory and is called by the application program each time when data must be transferred to or from the data base.

The main DBMS features are: data independence, security, application of high-level non-procedural languages.

 Exercises

1.     Read the international words and guess their meaning

BASIC; PASCAL; original; popularity; popular; version; compiler; interpreter; dialect; authority; documentation; to ignore; block; parameters; syntactic; novelty; file; section; line; basic; to limit; interactive; calculator; principal; principle; structure; action; declaration

 2 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below:

 a) a feature — черта; особенность, признак

    to feature — отличать (cя), быть характерной чертой;

 1. In this chapter we shall discuss the possible features that control panel might have. 2. The main feature this robot has is that it is given "hands" adjusted delicately enough to thread a needle under water. 3. ALGOL 60 has different declarations, such as: type declarations, array declarations, switch declarations, and procedure declarations, whereas ALGOL 68 features the ‘identity declarations’, whose ex­pressive power includes all of these. 4. The low level lan­guages are oriented to a machine, while the high level lan­guages feature the fact of being problem oriented languages;

 b) a record  — запись

    to record  — записывать

 1.  A recod of bytes on the floppy disks is read by the read/write head. 2. The problem of records of numbers has pressed upon human beings for more than five thousand years. 3. The reading equipment records digits and letters as they appear on a printed page. 4. In the world of business there are large quantities of records which are necessary to be han­dled by a computer. 5. To record each bit of information a computer must have the special equipment;

 c) whether - ли

    whether … or not - ли … или нет; в любом случае

    whether . ,..,  or - или …, или; то ли …, то ли; либо …, либо

 1. Whether the control function is executed as an im­mediate operation depends on the operation and the type of device. 2. Science fiction stories sometimes give rise to ques­tions as to whether a conflict is possible between men and machines. 3. The condition code indicates whether or not the channel has performed the function specified by the in­struction. 4. Whether or not the transfer of control opera­tion actually occurs depends upon the results of the pre­vious logical operation. 5. This program is used when it is necessary to define whether the device is out of order, or there are some errors in the previous program. 6. The type declaration is used to specify whether a variable is an inte­ger, or a Boolean variable.

 3 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the com­parison degrees:

1. The commonest problem is there where a word could mean one of two different things. 2. A television set, a com­puter, a telephone system are simpler than a human being. 3. Another advantage in this case is that less power is re­quired to run a computer. 4. A computer does arithmetic prob­lems million times faster than any person. 5. The smaller the computer, the faster it can work. 6. The better we know the Universe, the better we know our Earth. 7. The symbols representing intermediate results appear later in the flow chart of the right-hand side of the equation. 8. In this case the instruction puts the number U into the largest number cell. 9. The left-hand function box in the flow chart represents 005 on the next lower level, and the lowest box represents 007.

 4 Pronounce the following words correctly 

solve	решать, разрешать, растворять
interactive	взаимодействующий, интерактивный
time-sharing	с разделением времени
widely	широко
extremely	чрезвы­чайно
version	версия, вариант
hand-held	карман­ный; портативный
easy	легкий, нетрудный
conversational	разговорный
however	однако
inherent	присущий, свойственный
decipher	расшифровы­вать
coherentily	логически связно
concern	касаться, иметь отношение
remove	удалять, пере­мещать
cassette	кассета
ignore	игнорировать
valuable	ценный, дорогостоящий
propose	предлагать
revise	пересматривать, перерабатывать
implementation	реализация, внедрение
suitable	подходящий, соответствующий
heading	заглавие
successor	преемник
novelty	новизна, новинка, новшество
compulsory	обязательный
afford	предоставлять, давать
identifier	идентификатор

 5 Memorize the following word combinations

to become extremely popular — стать чрезвычайно попу­лярным

the first-time programmer — программист-новичок

structured programming — структурное программирование

a general-purpose language — универсальный язык

 Список литературы

 1. А.П. Лебедева, Л.М. Сизова. Пособие по развитию навыков разговорной речи на английском языке (научно-техническая тематика): Учебное пособие. – М.: Высшая школа, 1984.

2. Т.И. Труевцева, Р.И. Кац. Пособие по английскому разговорному языку: Учебное пособие. - М.: - Высшая школа, 1988.

3. А.С. Кутькова. Человек – компьютер – будущее. Пособие по английскому языку: Учебное пособие для вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 1987.

4. М.Н. Славина, Н.М. Бударкевич. Сборник упражнений по переводу с английского языка. – М.: Высшая школа, 1986.

  

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